supplementary material for a paper titled "Detection of 11 carbamate pesticide residues in raw and pasteurized camel milk samples using UHPLC-MS/MS: Method development, method validation, and health risk assessment"JDS_Supplementary-Tables S1-3 and Figure S1.docx

This study aimed to detect 11 carbamate pesticide residues in raw and pasteurized camel milk samples collected from the UAE using UHPLC-MSMS. A method was developed and validated by evaluating LOD, LOQ, linearity, extraction recovery, repeatability, intermediate precision, and matrix effect. A sample preparation step was needed due to the high content of proteins and fats in camel milk which may interfere with the analysis. For sample preparation, five different liquid liquid extraction techniques were tested for their efficiency in extracting carbamate pesticides from camel milk. The matrix effect was negligible due to the use of isotopically labeled internal standard. The detection limit of all studied carbamates was down to 0.01 𝜇g kg-1. A total of 17 camel milk samples were studied, and no carbamate residues were found in one sample only. The remaining 16 samples contained at least one carbamate residue, but the detected concentration for all residues was below the Codex-recommended MRL (< 10 𝜇g kg-1). However, the detected levels of ethiofencarb residue in three samples were on the borderline. The health risk of carbofuran, carbaryl, and propoxur was assessed for camel milk consumers by calculating HI values. The HI values of the three carbamate pesticides are less than one; thus, camel milk consumers are not at 39 risk.

本研究旨在采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（UHPLC-MSMS），对采集自阿拉伯联合酋长国（简称阿联酋）的生驼乳与巴氏杀菌驼乳样品中的11种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留进行检测。本研究建立并验证了一套分析方法，通过评估检出限（LOD）、定量限（LOQ）、线性范围、提取回收率、重复性、中间精密度及基质效应完成方法学验证。由于驼乳中富含蛋白质与脂肪，可能对分析过程造成干扰，因此需对样品进行前处理。针对样品前处理环节，本研究对比了五种不同的液液萃取技术对驼乳中氨基甲酸酯类农药的提取效能。由于采用了同位素标记内标，基质效应可忽略不计。所有受试氨基甲酸酯类农药的检出限均可低至0.01 μg·kg⁻¹。本研究共分析17份驼乳样品，其中仅1份未检出任何氨基甲酸酯类农药残留。剩余16份样品均检出至少一种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留，但所有残留的检测浓度均低于食品法典委员会（Codex）推荐的最大残留限量（MRL，<10 μg·kg⁻¹）。不过，有3份样品中乙硫苯威（ethiofencarb）的残留检测水平处于临界阈值附近。本研究通过计算健康风险指数（HI），评估了驼乳消费者暴露于克百威（carbofuran）、西维因（carbaryl）及残杀威（propoxur）的健康风险。上述三种氨基甲酸酯类农药的健康风险指数均小于1，因此驼乳消费者不存在健康风险。