<b>Black-headed gulls (</b><b><i>Chroicocephalus ridibundus</i></b><b>) are more wary of male researchers</b>

The experiment was conducted in December 2022 in Kunming (24°23′–26°22′ N, 102°10′–103°40′ E). Dian Lake, located in the southern side of the main urban area of Kunming City, with a water area of 330 km², attracts thousands of black-headed gulls (<i>Chroicocephalus ridibundus</i>) for overwintering annually. There are several gull-watching spots around Dian Lake, and black-headed gulls are concentrated in the Haigeng Dam and Haigeng Park areas (Feng and Liang, 2020); thus, these two sites were selected to measure the FIDs of black-headed gulls.In this study, we compared the differences in flight initiation distance (FID) of black-headed gulls (<i>Chroicocephalus ridibundus</i>)<b> </b>in Kunming City, southwest China, based on the sex of approaching individuals, as well as the differences in FID of gulls when approached by a boat versus a human on the shore. Results showed that: 1) black-headed gulls had longer FIDs when approached by male researchers than when approached by female researchers; 2) black-headed gulls on the ground had longer FIDs than those on the railing by the lake; 3) adult gulls on the ground had longer FIDs than juvenile gulls on the ground; 4) black-headed gulls had longer FIDs when approached by a boat than when approached by humans on the shore. Our study indicated that black-headed gulls exhibit a greater degree of wariness toward men than women, and compared to humans, boats pose a greater threat to black-headed gulls. To promote the harmonious coexistence of animals and humans in cities, it is important for humans to minimize the disturbance caused by their activities to animals.

本实验于2022年12月在昆明市（北纬24°23′–26°22′，东经102°10′–103°40′）开展。滇池位于昆明市主城区南侧，水域面积达330平方千米，每年均会吸引上万只红嘴鸥（*Chroicocephalus ridibundus*）前来越冬。滇池周边分布多处观鸥点位，其中海埂大坝与海埂公园区域红嘴鸥种群最为集中（Feng与Liang, 2020），因此选取该两处场地测定红嘴鸥的逃逸起始距离（Flight Initiation Distance, FID）。
本研究针对中国西南昆明市的红嘴鸥，对比了不同性别接近者引发的逃逸起始距离差异，以及船只与岸上人两种接近方式下红嘴鸥逃逸起始距离的差异。
研究结果显示：1）男性研究人员接近时，红嘴鸥的逃逸起始距离长于女性研究人员；2）地面栖息的红嘴鸥逃逸起始距离长于湖岸栏杆上的个体；3）地面栖息的成年红嘴鸥逃逸起始距离长于地面栖息的亚成体个体；4）船只接近时，红嘴鸥的逃逸起始距离长于岸上人接近时。
本研究表明，红嘴鸥对男性的警惕性高于女性，且相较于人类，船只对红嘴鸥的威胁程度更高。为促进城市中人与动物的和谐共生，人类应尽量减少自身活动对动物造成的干扰。