Data for: Simulated climate change causes asymmetric responses in insect life history timing potentially disrupting a classic ecological speciation system

Climate change may alter phenology within populations with cascading consequences for community interactions and ongoing evolutionary processes. Here, we measured the response to climate change in two sympatric, recently diverged (~170 years) populations of Rhagoletis pomonella flies specialized on different host fruits (hawthorn and apple) and their parasitoid wasp communities. We tested whether warmer temperatures affect dormancy regulation and its consequences for synchrony across trophic levels and temporal isolation between divergent populations. Under warmer temperatures, both fly populations developed earlier. However, warming significantly increased the proportion of maladaptive pre-winter development in apple, but not hawthorn, flies. Parasitoid phenology was less affected, potentially generating ecological asynchrony. Observed shifts in fly phenology under warming may decrease temporal isolation, potentially limiting ongoing divergence. Our findings of complex sensitivity of life-history timing to changing temperatures predict that coming decades may see multifaceted ecological and evolutionary changes in temporal specialist communities.

Methods
These are laboratory eclosion data for Rhagoletis pomonella flies and their community of parasitoid wasps from an a climate warming simulation study. See Lackey, Deneen, Feder, Ragland, Hahn, and Powell, "Simulated climate change causes asymmetric responses in insect life history timing potentially disrupting a classic ecological speciation system" BioRxiv: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.12.06.519222 for detailed methods.

气候变化可能改变种群内部的物候学（phenology），进而对群落互作及持续进行的进化过程产生级联效应。本研究针对两种同域分布、近期分化（约170年）的苹果实蝇（Rhagoletis pomonella）种群展开，二者分别专性取食不同寄主果实（山楂（hawthorn）与苹果（apple）），同时研究了其对应的寄生蜂（parasitoid wasp）群落，以此量化各对象对气候变化的响应。我们验证了升温是否会影响休眠调控（dormancy regulation），以及该变化是否会改变营养级间的物候同步性与分化种群间的时间隔离（temporal isolation）。在升温条件下，两种实蝇种群的发育均提前；但升温显著提升了苹果寄主种群中适应不良的越冬前发育个体比例，而山楂寄主种群未出现该现象。寄生蜂的物候受影响较小，这可能引发生态层面的物候失同步。升温条件下观测到的实蝇物候变化可能会削弱时间隔离，进而限制种群的持续分化。本研究揭示了生活史节律对温度变化的复杂敏感性，据此推测未来数十年间，时间特化群落可能会出现多维度的生态与进化变化。

Methods
本数据集为一项气候升温模拟研究中获取的苹果实蝇（Rhagoletis pomonella）及其寄生蜂群落的实验室羽化（eclosion）数据。详细实验方法可参考Lackey、Deneen、Feder、Ragland、Hahn与Powell发表于BioRxiv的论文"模拟气候变化导致昆虫生活史节律出现不对称响应，或破坏经典生态物种形成系统"，链接为：https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.12.06.519222。