Women’s subsistence networks scaffold cultural transmission among BaYaka foragers in the Congo Basin

In hunter-gatherer societies, women’s subsistence activities are crucial for food provisioning and children’s social learning, but they are understudied relative to men’s activities. To better understand the structure of women’s foraging networks, we present data of 230 days focal-follows in a BaYaka community. To analyze these data, we develop a stochastic block model for repeat observations with uneven sampling. We find that women’s subsistence networks are characterized by cooperation between kin, gender homophily, and mixed age-group composition. During early-childhood, individuals preferentially co-forage with adult kin, but those in middle-childhood and adolescence are likely to co-forage with non-kin peers, providing opportunities for horizontal learning. By quantifying the probability of co-foraging ties across age-classes and relatedness levels, our findings provide insights into the scope for social learning during women’s subsistence activities in a real-world foraging popula..., We collected data in collaboration with the BaYaka people of the Republic of the Congo. We conducted daily focal-follows of BaYaka women’s subsistence groups over a nearly year-long period in 2015 and 2016. Across 230 days of sampling, we collected data from 60 individuals (32 females) in one BaYaka camp. During the study period, however, camp composition fluctuated as some individuals joined and left the community. To account for variation in “risk of co-foraging” introduced by such changes in camp composition, we recorded daily camp composition across the 230-day period and defined the model to account for the probability of co-foraging conditional on coresidence in-camp on the same day. 
We constructed subsistence networks that included the entire-community using focal-follow data from five BaYaka women. We followed each focal woman’s expeditions from the moment the focal woman left the camp until her return, and we continuously recorded the foraging group composition and behaviors o..., , # Women’s subsistence networks scaffold cultural transmission among BaYaka foragers in the Congo Basin

## [Requirements for analyses:](https://github.com/danielRedhead/bayaka-subsistence-networks#requirements-for-analyses)

* R: [https://cran.r-project.org](https://cran.r-project.org/)
* STRAND:
* cmdstanr:

## [Packages used for data processing and visualisation:](https://github.com/danielRedhead/bayaka-subsistence-networks#packages-used-for-data-processing-and-visualisation)

* Rethinking:
* tidyverse: [https://www.tidyverse.org](https://www.tidyverse.org/)

## [Details](https://github.com/danielRedhead/bayaka-subsistence-networks#details)

To reproduce the results presented in the manuscript, please first go into the 'code/' folder of the repository. It would probably be best to review the many different scripts for data processing, analysis and visualisation. Then, if you would like to reproduce the results reported in the publication, call the run all file that can be...

在狩猎采集社会中，女性的生计活动对于食物供给与儿童的社会学习至关重要，但相较于男性的活动，这类活动的相关研究仍较为匮乏。为深入理解女性觅食网络的结构，我们针对巴亚卡（BaYaka）族群开展了共计230天的焦点追踪（focal-follow）研究，并分享相关数据。为分析该数据集，我们开发了一种针对非均匀抽样下重复观测的随机块模型（stochastic block model）。
研究发现，女性的生计网络具有以亲属间合作为核心、性别同质性显著以及年龄组构成混合的特征。在幼儿阶段，个体更倾向于与成年亲属共同觅食；而在童年中期与青春期，个体则更可能与非亲属同伴共同觅食，这为横向学习提供了契机。通过量化不同年龄层级与亲缘关系等级下的共同觅食联结概率，我们的研究结果为理解现实觅食群体中女性生计活动期间的社会学习空间提供了新的洞见。我们与刚果共和国的巴亚卡族群合作开展了本项研究。我们于2015至2016年的近一年时间内，每日对巴亚卡女性的生计群体开展焦点追踪。在共计230天的采样周期中，我们从一个巴亚卡营地的60名个体（其中32名为女性）处收集了数据。不过在研究期间，营地的人员构成随个体的加入与离开不断波动。为了修正因营地人员变动带来的"共同觅食风险"差异，我们记录了230天周期内每日的营地人员构成，并构建模型以考量当日共同驻留营地前提下的共同觅食概率。
我们依托5名巴亚卡女性的焦点追踪数据，构建了覆盖整个营地社群的生计网络。我们追踪每一位目标女性从离开营地到返回营地的全程觅食活动，并持续记录觅食群体的构成与行为……
# 女性生计网络支撑刚果盆地巴亚卡觅食群体的文化传承
## [分析要求](https://github.com/danielRedhead/bayaka-subsistence-networks#requirements-for-analyses)
* R语言：[https://cran.r-project.org](https://cran.r-project.org/)
* STRAND：
* cmdstanr：
## [数据处理与可视化所用工具包](https://github.com/danielRedhead/bayaka-subsistence-networks#packages-used-for-data-processing-and-visualisation)
* Rethinking：
* tidyverse：[https://www.tidyverse.org](https://www.tidyverse.org/)
## [研究细节](https://github.com/danielRedhead/bayaka-subsistence-networks#details)
若需复现论文中呈现的研究结果，请首先进入该仓库的`code/`文件夹。建议先查阅用于数据处理、分析与可视化的各类脚本。若您希望复现已发表论文中的研究结果，请调用可执行的全量运行文件……