How does the climate change and migration nexus result in maladaptation?

Migration decisions are made within a risky and uncertain environment affected by climate and environmental change as well as market, social, and economic forces. This study sheds light on the characteristics and causes of ineffective migration in the context of climate change and their consequences for maladaptation to climate change effects. It identifies how they undermine local livelihoods and increase the vulnerability of sending and receiving communities. For this purpose, we conducted a systematic review of 89 studies that have discussed issues related to human mobility in the face of climate change and maladaptation. The results are presented in three parts: the migrant households, destination communities, and the origin communities (which include migrants’ households left behind and trapped populations). This review explains how climate-influenced migration can lead to persistent poverty, food insecurity, increased inequality, exclusion, and isolation due to poverty, insufficient income, remittances, low skills and education, unequal access to rights, and language barriers. This study contributes to the literature by providing a clearer understanding of the dark side of migration in the context of the climate change and adaptation nexus. It can help policymakers and planners make better-informed decisions about managing climate-induced migrations. Improving access to education and skills training for migrants in areas affected by climate change is essential to reduce poverty and vulnerability in destination communities, helping migrants secure stable employment and reduce reliance on precarious livelihoods.Revising immigration policies to ensure migrants’ access to fundamental rights – such as employment, housing, and land ownership – can help break cycles of poverty and reduce anti-immigrant sentiment, fostering economic resilience.Public agencies and international organizations must prioritize monitoring and supporting ‘trapped’ populations unable to migrate due to financial or social constraints, offering timely assistance and pathways for safe relocation to mitigate their increased vulnerability.Spatial planning and migration incentives guiding migrants toward resilient, well-supported areas can protect fragile ecosystems and infrastructure, reducing risks to both migrants and receiving communities.Gender-sensitive adaptation strategies are vital; supporting educational and language skills for migrant women enhances their adaptive capacity, promotes social cohesion, and ensures equitable opportunities for integration. Improving access to education and skills training for migrants in areas affected by climate change is essential to reduce poverty and vulnerability in destination communities, helping migrants secure stable employment and reduce reliance on precarious livelihoods. Revising immigration policies to ensure migrants’ access to fundamental rights – such as employment, housing, and land ownership – can help break cycles of poverty and reduce anti-immigrant sentiment, fostering economic resilience. Public agencies and international organizations must prioritize monitoring and supporting ‘trapped’ populations unable to migrate due to financial or social constraints, offering timely assistance and pathways for safe relocation to mitigate their increased vulnerability. Spatial planning and migration incentives guiding migrants toward resilient, well-supported areas can protect fragile ecosystems and infrastructure, reducing risks to both migrants and receiving communities. Gender-sensitive adaptation strategies are vital; supporting educational and language skills for migrant women enhances their adaptive capacity, promotes social cohesion, and ensures equitable opportunities for integration.

移民决策往往在兼具风险与不确定性的环境中作出，该环境同时受到气候与环境变化、市场、社会及经济多重因素的影响。
本研究聚焦气候变化背景下低效移民的特征、成因，及其对气候影响适应不良所带来的后果，阐明了此类移民如何破坏本地生计，并加剧移民输出地与输入地社区的脆弱性。为此，我们对89项探讨气候变化与适应不良背景下人口流动相关议题的研究开展了系统综述。
本综述的研究结果分为三部分展开：移民家庭、移民输入社区，以及移民输出社区（含留守移民家庭与受困群体）。本综述阐释了受气候影响的移民可因贫困、收入不足、汇款匮乏、技能与教育水平低下、权利获取不平等以及语言壁垒等因素，引发长期贫困、粮食不安全、不平等加剧、社会排斥与孤立隔绝等问题。
本研究通过深化对气候变化与适应耦合背景下移民问题阴暗面的认知，为相关学术文献作出了贡献。本研究可帮助政策制定者与规划者在管理气候诱发型移民议题上制定更为科学审慎的决策。
提升受气候变化影响地区移民的教育与技能培训可及性，对于降低输入社区的贫困与脆弱性至关重要，可帮助移民获得稳定就业，减少对不稳定生计的依赖。修订移民政策以保障移民能够获取就业、住房与土地所有权等基本权利，有助于打破贫困循环，缓解反移民情绪，增强经济韧性。公共机构与国际组织应优先开展监测与帮扶工作，为因经济或社会约束无法移民的“受困群体”提供及时援助与安全搬迁路径，以缓解其日益加剧的脆弱性。通过空间规划与移民激励政策引导移民迁往具备气候韧性且配套支撑完善的地区，可保护脆弱的生态系统与基础设施，降低移民与输入社区面临的风险。具备性别敏感度的适应策略至关重要：为移民女性提供教育与语言技能支持，可提升其适应能力，促进社会融合，并保障公平的融入机会。
提升受气候变化影响地区移民的教育与技能培训可及性，对于降低输入社区的贫困与脆弱性至关重要，可帮助移民获得稳定就业，减少对不稳定生计的依赖。修订移民政策以保障移民能够获取就业、住房与土地所有权等基本权利，有助于打破贫困循环，缓解反移民情绪，增强经济韧性。公共机构与国际组织应优先开展监测与帮扶工作，为因经济或社会约束无法移民的“受困群体”提供及时援助与安全搬迁路径，以缓解其日益加剧的脆弱性。通过空间规划与移民激励政策引导移民迁往具备气候韧性且配套支撑完善的地区，可保护脆弱的生态系统与基础设施，降低移民与输入社区面临的风险。具备性别敏感度的适应策略至关重要：为移民女性提供教育与语言技能支持，可提升其适应能力，促进社会融合，并保障公平的融入机会。