Parameters for estimating the emission factors of different travel modes in Xiamen City.

Notes:aThe data of Sj, Ej, Qj and Vj are derived from Xiamen City’s Transportation Committee and Xiamen Transportation Company. b Calorific values are taken from ‘General calculation principles for total production energy consumption (GB/T-2589–2008)’ (in Chinese). c Emission factors were extracted from the Technology and Environmental Database (TED) in Lin’s study [6]. d This equation will always underestimate the total emissions due to transport because the parameter Sj does not record fuel use while a vehicle is stationary.