MAR v3.2 regional climate model data for Greenland (1958-2013)

Here, we provide outputs from version 3.2 of the MAR regional climate model applied over the Greenland Ice Sheet. Outputs provided here include ice/snow surface properties, energy and mass fluxes at the surface, and atmospheric data. Data are provided in netCDF format. Descriptions of variables, including units and information about layered variables are provided within the netCDF files. The Modèle Atmosphérique Régional (MAR), is a coupled land-atmosphere regional climate model featuring an atmospheric model described by Gallée and Shayes (1997), and the Soil Ice Snow Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer scheme surface model. The model setup used here is similar to that of Fettweis (2007), with modifications to the albedo scheme as noted by Fettweis et al. (2011). MAR has been run over Greenland and surrounding areas at a 25 km spatial resolution, forced at the lateral boundaries and ocean surface with data from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). MAR assigns surface elevation and an ice sheet mask based on the data of Bamber et al. (2013). MAR outputs provided here are from version 3.2 of the model. Version 3.2 features improvements in the representation of cloud microphysics, minor corrections to the snow albedo and snow discretization schemes, a greater number of simulated snow layers (25 layers for up to 15m of snow), and a new parameterization for bare ice albedo. MAR has been validated against satellite and in situ data (e.g. Lefebre et al. 2005, Fettweis et al. 2011) and has been used in multiple studies to simulate ice-sheet and atmospheric parameters, such as surface mass balance, surface melt, and atmospheric circulation near Greenland (e.g. Fettweis et al., 2011, Tedesco et al., 2013, Franco et al., 2013) References: Bamber, J. L., Griggs, J.A., Hurkmans, R.T.W.L., Dowdeswell, J.A., Gogineni, S.P., Howat, I., Mouginot, J., Paden, J., Palmer, S., Rignot, E., Steinhage, D.: A new bed elevation dataset for Greenland, The Cryosphere, 7, 499-510, 2013. Fettweis, X.: Reconstruction of the 1979-2006 Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance using the regional climate model MAR, The Cryosphere, 1, 21-40, 2007. Fettweis, X., Tedesco, M., van den Broeke, M., and Ettema, J.: Melting trends over the Greenland ice sheet (1958-2009) from spaceborne microwave data and regional climate models, The Cryosphere, 5, 359-375, 2011. Franco, B., Fettweis, X., Lang, C., and Erpicum, M.: Impact of spatial resolution on the modelling of the Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance between 1990-2012, using the regional climate model MAR, The Cryosphere, 6, 695-711, 2012. Gallée, H., and Schayes, G.: Development of a three-dimensional meso-γ primitive equation model: katabatic winds simulation in the area of Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica, Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 671-685, 1994. Lefebre, F., Fettweis, X., Gallée, H., van Ypersele, J.-P., Marbaix, P., Greuell, W., and Calanca, P.: Evaluation of a high-resolution regional climate model simulation over Greenland, Climate Dynamics, 25, 99-116, doi: 10.1007/s00382-005-0005-8, 2005. Tedesco, M., Fettweis, X., Mote, T., Wahr, J., Alexander, P., Box, J., Wouters, B.: Evidence and analysis of 2012 Greenland records from spaceborne observations, a regional climate model and reanalysis data, The Cryosphere, 7, 615-630, 2013.

本数据集提供应用于格陵兰冰盖的区域大气模式MAR（Modèle Atmosphérique Régional）版本3.2的输出结果。本次提供的输出内容涵盖冰/雪表面特性、地表能量与质量通量以及大气数据。数据以netCDF格式存储，变量说明（含单位及分层变量相关信息）已内嵌于netCDF文件中。
该模型是一款耦合陆-气过程的区域气候模型，其大气模块由Gallée与Shayes（1997）提出，地表模块采用土壤-冰雪-植被-大气传输方案。本次研究所使用的模型配置与Fettweis（2007）的方案相近，并针对反照率方案进行了Fettweis等人（2011）所述的改进。
MAR以25 km的空间分辨率在格陵兰岛及其周边区域运行，侧边界与海表的强迫数据来源于欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts，ECMWF）。MAR基于Bamber等人（2013）的数据确定地表高程与冰盖掩膜。
本次提供的MAR输出结果来源于该模型的3.2版本。该版本在云微物理过程表征方面有所改进，对积雪反照率与积雪离散化方案进行了小幅修正，增加了模拟积雪层数（最大15 m积雪对应25层），并新增了裸冰反照率的参数化方案。
MAR已通过卫星与原位观测数据进行了验证（例如Lefebvre等人2005年、Fettweis等人2011年的研究），并被多项研究用于模拟冰盖与大气参数，如格陵兰岛附近的地表质量平衡、地表融雪以及大气环流（例如Fettweis等人2011年、Tedesco等人2013年、Franco等人2013年的研究）。
参考文献：
1. Bamber, J. L.、Griggs, J.A.、Hurkmans, R.T.W.L.、Dowdeswell, J.A.、Gogineni, S.P.、Howat, I.、Mouginot, J.、Paden, J.、Palmer, S.、Rignot, E.、Steinhage, D.：格陵兰岛全新床面高程数据集，《冰冻圈》，7卷，499-510页，2013年。
2. Fettweis, X.：利用区域气候模型MAR重建1979-2006年格陵兰冰盖地表质量平衡，《冰冻圈》，1卷，21-40页，2007年。
3. Fettweis, X.、Tedesco, M.、van den Broeke, M.、Ettema, J.：基于星载微波数据与区域气候模型分析格陵兰冰盖1958-2009年融冻趋势，《冰冻圈》，5卷，359-375页，2011年。
4. Franco, B.、Fettweis, X.、Lang, C.、Erpicum, M.：利用区域气候模型MAR分析1990-2012年空间分辨率对格陵兰冰盖地表质量平衡模拟的影响，《冰冻圈》，6卷，695-711页，2012年。
5. Gallée, H.、Schayes, G.：三维中γ尺度原始方程模式的开发：南极特拉诺瓦湾地区的下坡风模拟，《气象评论月刊（Mon. Wea. Rev.）》，122卷，671-685页，1994年。
6. Lefebvre, F.、Fettweis, X.、Gallée, H.、van Ypersele, J.-P.、Marbaix, P.、Greuell, W.、Calanca, P.：格陵兰岛高分辨率区域气候模拟的评估，《气候动力学》，25卷，99-116页，doi: 10.1007/s00382-005-0005-8，2005年。
7. Tedesco, M.、Fettweis, X.、Mote, T.、Wahr, J.、Alexander, P.、Box, J.、Wouters, B.：基于星载观测、区域气候模型与再分析数据解析2012年格陵兰岛气候记录，《冰冻圈》，7卷，615-630页，2013年。