黑河生态水文遥感试验：水文气象观测网数据集（大满超级站气象要素梯度观测系统-2013）

该数据集包含了2012年9月15日至2013年12月31日黑河水文气象观测网中游大满超级站气象要素梯度观测系统数据。站点位于甘肃省张掖市大满灌区农田内，下垫面是玉米田。观测点的经纬度是100.3722E, 38.8555N，海拔1556m。风速/风向、空气温度、相对湿度传感器分别架设在3m、5m、10m、15m、20m、30m、40m处，共7层，朝向正北；CO2与水汽密度廓线传感器分别架设在3m、5m、10m、15m、20m、30m、40m处，共7层，朝向正北；气压计安装在2m处；自计式雨量计安装在塔西侧约8m处，架高2.5m；四分量辐射仪安装在12m处，朝向正南；两个红外温度计安装在12m处，朝向正南，探头朝向是垂直向下；光合有效辐射仪安装在12m处，朝向正南，探头朝向是垂直向上；土壤热流板（自校正式）（3块）依次埋设在地下6cm处，朝向正南距离塔体2m处，其中两块（G2和G3）埋设在棵间，一块（G1）埋设在植株下面；平均土壤温度传感器TCAV埋设在地下2cm、4cm处，朝向正南，距离塔体2m处；土壤温度探头埋设在地表0cm和地下2cm、4cm、10cm、20cm、40cm、80cm、120cm和160cm处，在距离气象塔2m的正南方；土壤水分传感器分别埋设在地下2cm、4cm、10cm、20cm、40cm、80cm、120cm和160cm处，在距离气象塔2m的正南方；四个光合有效辐射仪（2013年7月28日安装）分别架设在冠层上方和冠层内，冠层上方安装在12m（探头垂直向上和向下方向各一个）、冠层内安装在0.3m（探头垂直向上和向下方向各一个）高处，朝向正南。
观测项目有：风速（WS_3m、WS_5m、WS_10m、WS_15m、WS_20m、WS_30m、WS_40m）(单位：米/秒)、风向（WD_3m、WD_5m、WD_10m、WD_15m、WD_20m、WD_30m、WD_40m）(单位：度)、空气温湿度（Ta_3m、Ta_5m、Ta_10m、Ta_15m、Ta_20m、Ta_30m、Ta_40m和RH_3m、RH_5m、RH_10m、RH_15m、RH_20m、RH_30m、RH_40m）(单位：摄氏度、百分比)、气压（Press）(单位：百帕)、降水量（Rain）(单位：毫米)、CO2浓度和水汽密度（CO2_3m、CO2_5m、CO2_10m、CO2_15m、CO2_20m、CO2_30m、CO2_40m和H2O_3m、H2O_5m、H2O_10m、H2O_15m、H2O_20m、H2O_30m、H2O_40m）(单位：微摩尔/摩尔、毫摩尔/摩尔)、四分量辐射（DR、UR、DLR_Cor、ULR_Cor、Rn）(单位：瓦/平方米)、地表辐射温度（IRT_1、IRT_2）(单位：摄氏度)、光合有效辐射（PAR）(单位：微摩尔/平方米秒)、平均土壤温度（TCAV）(单位：摄氏度)、土壤热通量（Gs_1、Gs_2、Gs_3）(单位：瓦/平方米)、土壤水分（Ms_2cm、Ms_4cm、Ms_10cm、Ms_20cm、Ms_40cm、Ms_80cm、Ms_120cm、Ms_160cm）(单位：百分比)、土壤温度（Ts_0cm、Ts_2cm、Ts_4cm、Ts_10cm、Ts_20cm、Ts_40cm、Ts_80cm、Ts_120cm、Ts_160cm）(单位：摄氏度)、冠层上向上与向下光合有效辐射（PAR_U_up、PAR_U_down）(单位：微摩尔/平方米秒)和冠层下向上与向下光合有效辐射（PAR_D_up、PAR_D_down）(单位：微摩尔/平方米秒)。
观测数据的处理与质量控制：（1）确保每天144个数据（每10min），若出现数据的缺失，则由-6999标示；2012年12月15日-2013年4月1日期间，CO2浓度和水汽密度廓线传感器有问题，数据缺失；3m风速在2012年11月29日-2012年12月22日期间，5m风速在2012年10月26日-2012年11月27日和2012年12月9日-2012年12月23日期间由于传感器问题，数据缺失；（2）剔除有重复记录的时刻；（3）删除了明显超出物理意义或超出仪器量程的数据；（4）数据中以红字标示的部分为有疑问的数据；（5）日期和时间的格式统一，并且日期、时间在同一列。如，时间为：2013-6-10 10:30；（6）命名规则为：AWS+站点名称。
水文气象网或站点信息请参考Liu et al. (2018)，观测数据处理请参考Liu et al.(2011)。

This dataset contains meteorological variable gradient observation system data from the Daman Super Station in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Hydrometeorological Observation Network, covering the period from September 15, 2012 to December 31, 2013.
The station is located in the farmland of Daman Irrigation District, Zhangye City, Gansu Province, with the underlying surface being maize cropland. The coordinates of the observation site are 100.3722E, 38.8555N, and the elevation is 1556 m.

Anemometers for wind speed and direction, as well as air temperature and relative humidity sensors, were installed at 7 heights: 3 m, 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, 20 m, 30 m, and 40 m, all facing true north. CO2 and water vapor density profile sensors were also installed at the same 7 heights, facing true north. A barometer was installed at 2 m. A tipping-bucket rain gauge was installed approximately 8 m west of the tower, with a mounting height of 2.5 m. A four-component radiometer was installed at 12 m, facing true south. Two infrared thermometers were installed at 12 m, facing true south, with their probes pointing vertically downward. A photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensor was installed at 12 m, facing true south, with its probe pointing vertically upward.

Three self-calibrating soil heat flux plates were buried at 6 cm below the ground, 2 m south of the tower and facing true south. Two of them (G2 and G3) were placed between crop rows, while one (G1) was buried beneath the maize plants. The mean soil temperature sensor (TCAV) was buried at 2 cm and 4 cm below the ground, 2 m south of the tower and facing true south. Soil temperature probes were installed at 0 cm (surface) and 2 cm, 4 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, 40 cm, 80 cm, 120 cm, and 160 cm below the ground, 2 m due south of the meteorological tower. Soil moisture sensors were buried at the same depths as the soil temperature probes, 2 m due south of the meteorological tower.

Four PAR sensors (installed on July 28, 2013) were installed above and within the crop canopy: two were mounted at 12 m above the canopy (one probe pointing vertically upward, the other downward), and two were mounted at 0.3 m within the canopy (one probe pointing vertically upward, the other downward), all facing true south.

Observation items include: Wind speed (WS_3m, WS_5m, WS_10m, WS_15m, WS_20m, WS_30m, WS_40m, unit: m/s) and wind direction (WD_3m, WD_5m, WD_10m, WD_15m, WD_20m, WD_30m, WD_40m, unit: degree); Air temperature (Ta_3m, Ta_5m, Ta_10m, Ta_15m, Ta_20m, Ta_30m, Ta_40m, unit: °C) and relative humidity (RH_3m, RH_5m, RH_10m, RH_15m, RH_20m, RH_30m, RH_40m, unit: %); Atmospheric pressure (Press, unit: hPa); Precipitation (Rain, unit: mm); CO2 concentration (CO2_3m, CO2_5m, CO2_10m, CO2_15m, CO2_20m, CO2_30m, CO2_40m, unit: μmol/mol) and water vapor density (H2O_3m, H2O_5m, H2O_10m, H2O_15m, H2O_20m, H2O_30m, H2O_40m, unit: mmol/mol); Four-component radiation (DR, UR, DLR_Cor, ULR_Cor, Rn, unit: W/m²); Surface radiation temperature (IRT_1, IRT_2, unit: °C); Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, unit: μmol/(m²·s)); Mean soil temperature (TCAV, unit: °C); Soil heat flux (Gs_1, Gs_2, Gs_3, unit: W/m²); Soil moisture (Ms_2cm, Ms_4cm, Ms_10cm, Ms_20cm, Ms_40cm, Ms_80cm, Ms_120cm, Ms_160cm, unit: %); Soil temperature (Ts_0cm, Ts_2cm, Ts_4cm, Ts_10cm, Ts_20cm, Ts_40cm, Ts_80cm, Ts_120cm, Ts_160cm, unit: °C); Upward and downward PAR above the canopy (PAR_U_up, PAR_U_down, unit: μmol/(m²·s)) and upward and downward PAR within the canopy (PAR_D_up, PAR_D_down, unit: μmol/(m²·s)).

Data processing and quality control: (1) Ensure 144 data records per day (one every 10 minutes). Missing data are flagged with -6999. During the period from December 15, 2012 to April 1, 2013, the CO2 and water vapor density profile sensors malfunctioned, resulting in missing data. For 3 m wind speed, data were missing between November 29, 2012 and December 22, 2012; for 5 m wind speed, data were missing between October 26, 2012 and November 27, 2012, and between December 9, 2012 and December 23, 2012 due to sensor malfunctions. (2) Remove duplicate timestamp records. (3) Delete data that clearly exceed physical bounds or instrument measurement ranges. (4) Data marked in red are considered questionable. (5) Unify the date and time format, with date and time recorded in the same column. Example timestamp: 2013-6-10 10:30. (6) Naming convention: AWS+station name.

Please refer to Liu et al. (2018) for information on the hydrometeorological observation network and the station, and Liu et al. (2011) for data processing procedures.