Descriptive statistics of country categories.

Renewable energy holds a remarkable role in clean energy adaptation due to the much lower carbon footprint it releases compared to other fossil fuels. It also has a positive impact by slowing down the rate of climate change. The study has examined the links between renewable and non-renewable energy use, CO2 emissions and economic growth in developed, developing, and LDCs and Economies in Transition between 1990 and 2019 in 152 countries. Granger-causality has been used as the methodology to investigate the link between the variables. The findings of the existing studies on the relationship between the consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy sources and economic growth are inconsistent, indicating that there may or may not be a relationship between the two factors. Apart from having a few empirical studies so far have examined the link between the above-mentioned variables, analysis has yet to encompass all the regions in the four sub-groups discussed above. The results indicated that no Granger-causal relationship exists between GDP and REC outside of Economies in Transition. Additionally, the GDP and CO2 of all countries have a one-way relationship. Nevertheless, research indicates that GDP and CO2 have a bi-directional link in Economies in Transition, a uni-directional relationship in developing countries, and no meaningful association in developed and LDCs. Therefore, it is essential to emphasise actions to lower CO2 emissions and develop renewable energy while also stimulating the economy. Ultimately, more nations should choose renewable energy sources to build a more sustainable future.

相较于其他化石燃料，可再生能源（Renewable Energy）因碳排放足迹更低，在清洁能源应用中发挥着举足轻重的作用，同时还可延缓气候变化速率，产生积极效益。本研究针对1990年至2019年间的152个国家展开分析，考察了发达国家、发展中国家、最不发达国家（Least Developed Countries, LDCs）及转型经济体（Economies in Transition）的可再生与非可再生能源消费、二氧化碳（CO₂）排放及经济增长之间的关联。本研究采用格兰杰因果检验（Granger-causality）作为方法，以探究各变量间的内在联系。现有针对可再生与非可再生能源消费及经济增长间关联的研究结论并不统一，表明二者之间既可能存在关联，也可能不存在关联。尽管目前仅有少量实证研究考察了上述变量间的关联，且现有分析尚未覆盖前述四大子分组的全部区域。研究结果显示，除转型经济体外，其余组别中国内生产总值（Gross Domestic Product, GDP）与可再生能源消费（Renewable Energy Consumption, REC）之间不存在格兰杰因果关系。此外，所有国家的GDP与CO₂排放均呈现单向关联。然而，细分组别后可见，转型经济体中GDP与CO₂排放存在双向关联，发展中国家二者呈单向关联，而发达国家与最不发达国家则未呈现显著关联。因此，在刺激经济发展的同时，亟需强调降低CO₂排放与发展可再生能源的相关举措。最终，更多国家应选择可再生能源路径，以构建更具可持续性的未来。