The Sky Harbor Project, Early Desert Farming and Irrigation Settlements, Archaeological Investigations in the Phoenix Sky Harbor Center, Volume 4: Special Studies, Synthesis, and Conclusions

This volume, which presents the results of special studies, a project synthesis, and overall conclusions for the Phoenix Sky Harbor Center archaeological investigations, is the last of four. The City of Phoenix Community and Economic Development Department sponsored the project, which was coordinated by Mr. Robert J. Wojtan of the City of Phoenix and David H. Greenwald of SWCA, Inc., Environmental Consultants. The project area, approximately 800 acres located immediately west of Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, included portions of two sites, Dutch Canal Ruin (AZ T: 12:62, ASM) and Pueblo Salado (AZ T: 12:47, ASM).
During the pre-Classic periods, Dutch Canal Ruin consisted of field house settlements scattered along various main canals. The canals fell into disuse, and the Hohokam abandoned the area as an agricultural zone by the Sedentary period. During the Classic and post-Classic periods, they reoccupied the area and constructed new canals. However, the later farmers replaced the field house settlements with sparsely settled farmsteads and hamlets. By contrast, the Hohokam first occupied Pueblo Salado during the Soho phase, residing in small settlements scattered along Canal Salado. The Civano phase witnessed the construction of a compound and population aggregation. Accretionary growth resulted in one of the largest compounds on record in the Phoenix Basin. Occupation of the compound appears to have extended into the Polvoron phase of the post-Classic period, possibly until A.D. 1500 or 1550, with family units occupying pit houses and perhaps continuing to use preexisting adobe surface structures.
Volume 1 of the series focuses on the testing phase of this project and presents a research design and plan of work for the data recovery phase. Volume 2 presents the results of the field investigations and analyses associated with Dutch Canal Ruin, and Volume 3 those associated with Pueblo Salado. In addition to summarizing the findings of the Phoenix Sky Harbor Center investigations, Volume 4 presents in-depth explorations of selected aspects of the Hohokam occupation at Dutch Canal Ruin and Pueblo Salado in relationship to regional Hohokam settlement and cultural patterns. Issues discussed in Chapters 1-4 are historic and prehistoric irrigation and settlement in the Phoenix Basin, the effects of urbanization and alluviation on Hohokam sites, site autonomy within the Phoenix Basin, and the social implications of field houses. Chapters 5, 6, and 7 consider Hohokam use of the environment as understood through investigation of the buried agricultural fields at Pueblo Salado, project area canals and their hydraulic capacities, and the use of project area resource zones. The discussions in Chapters 8 and 9 explore the attributes and chronology of the post-Classic period Polvoron phase. Chapters 10-13 assess implications of Hohokam material culture within the project area and in regional perspective through analysis of the project burials, ceramic temper studies and whole vessel analysis, intraregional comparison of lithic assemblages, and a diachronic analysis of the project shell assemblage. Chapter 14 summarizes the project findings and discusses the place of Dutch Canal Ruin and Pueblo Salado in the Hohokam cultural continuum. Although the editors prepared each volume in this series to stand alone, the first three volumes should be referred to for more detailed information on the topics discussed in Volume 4.

本卷为《凤凰城天港（Phoenix Sky Harbor）中心考古调查》专项研究成果、项目综合报告及整体结论的汇编，亦是该系列四卷本的终卷。
本项目由凤凰城社区与经济发展部（City of Phoenix Community and Economic Development Department）资助，由凤凰城的罗伯特·J·沃伊坦（Robert J. Wojtan）先生与SWCA环境咨询公司（SWCA, Inc., Environmental Consultants）的大卫·H·格林瓦尔德（David H. Greenwald）共同协调。项目区域占地约800英亩，紧邻凤凰城天港国际机场西侧，涵盖两处遗址的部分区域：荷兰运河遗址（Dutch Canal Ruin，AZ T: 12:62, ASM）与萨拉多普韦布洛（Pueblo Salado，AZ T: 12:47, ASM）。
在前经典期（pre-Classic periods），荷兰运河遗址为沿多条主渠分布的田野房屋聚落。随着运河废弃，霍霍坎（Hohokam）文化人群于定居期（Sedentary period）放弃该区域作为农业生产区。至经典期与后经典期（Classic and post-Classic periods），人群重新进驻该区域并开凿新运河，但后期定居者以分散稀疏的农场与村落取代了原有的田野房屋聚落。与之相对，霍霍坎人群于索霍阶段（Soho phase）首次进驻萨拉多普韦布洛，彼时定居点沿萨拉多运河（Canal Salado）呈零散分布。至西瓦诺阶段（Civano phase），区域内开始修建复合式建筑并出现人口聚集。经过不断扩建，该区域最终形成菲尼克斯盆地有记录以来规模最大的复合式建筑之一。该复合建筑的使用年代似乎延续至后经典期的波尔沃龙阶段（Polvoron phase），或可至公元1500年或1550年，当时以家庭为单位的住户居住在坑屋中，且可能仍在使用现存的土坯地面建筑。
本系列第一卷聚焦本项目的试掘阶段，阐述了考古数据抢救阶段的研究设计与工作计划。第二卷收录荷兰运河遗址的田野调查成果与分析内容，第三卷则对应萨拉多普韦布洛的相关研究。本卷（第四卷）除总结凤凰城天港中心考古调查的整体发现外，还针对荷兰运河遗址与萨拉多普韦布洛的霍霍坎文化遗存，结合区域霍霍坎聚落与文化格局展开了深入探讨。
第1至4章探讨的议题包括菲尼克斯盆地的历史与史前灌溉及聚落模式、城市化与冲积作用对霍霍坎遗址的影响、菲尼克斯盆地内的遗址自主性，以及田野房屋的社会意义。第5、6、7章分别围绕萨拉多普韦布洛地下埋藏的农田、项目区域内的运河及其输水能力，以及项目区域内的资源利用情况，分析霍霍坎人的环境利用方式。第8、9章则探讨后经典期波尔沃龙阶段的遗存特征与年代序列。第10至13章通过对项目出土墓葬的分析、陶器羼和料研究与完整器物分析、区域内石器组合的跨区域比较，以及贝壳组合的历时性分析，从项目区域与区域视角评估霍霍坎物质文化的内涵与意义。第14章总结本项目的研究发现，并探讨荷兰运河遗址与萨拉多普韦布洛在霍霍坎文化发展序列中的定位。尽管本系列各卷均独立成册，但如需了解本卷所讨论议题的更详细信息，可参阅前三卷内容。