Graded Incremental Test Data (Cycling, Running, Kayaking, Rowing): an open access dataset

Section 1: Introduction Brief overview of dataset contents: Current database contains anonymised data collected during exercise testing services performed on male and female participants (cycling, rowing, kayaking and running) provided by the Human Performance Laboratory, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. 835 graded incremental exercise test files (285 cycling, 266 rowing / kayaking, 284 running) Description file with each row representing a test file - COLUMNS: file name (AXXX), sport (cycling, running, rowing or kayaking) Anthropometric data of participants by sport (age, gender, height, body mass, BMI, skinfold thickness,% body fat, lean body mass and haematological data; namely, haemoglobin concentration (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC) count and white blood cell (WBC) count ) Test data (HR, VO2 and lactate data) at rest and across a range of exercise intensities Derived physiological indices quantifying each individual’s endurance profile Following a request from athletes seeking assessment by phone or e-mail the test protocol, risks, benefits and test and medical requirements, were explained verbally or by return e-mail. Subsequently, an appointment for an exercise assessment was arranged following the regulatory reflection period (7 days). Following this regulatory period each participant’s verbal consent was obtained pre-test, for participants under 18 years of age parent / guardian consent was obtained in writing. Ethics approval was obtained from the Faculty of Health Sciences ethics committee and all testing procedures were performed in compliance with Declaration of Helsinki guidelines. All consenting participants were required to attend the laboratory on one occasion in a rested, carbohydrate loaded and well-hydrated state, and for male participants’ clean shaven in the facial region. All participants underwent a pre-test medical examination, including assessment of resting blood pressure, pulmonary function testing and haematological (Coulter Counter Act Diff, Beckmann Coulter, CA,US) review performed by a qualified medical doctor prior to exercise testing. Any person presenting with any cardiac abnormalities, respiratory difficulties, symptoms of cold or influenza, musculoskeletal injury that could impair performance, diabetes, hypertension, metabolic disorders, or any other contra-indicatory symptoms were excluded. In addition, participants completed a medical questionnaire detailing training history, previous personal and family health abnormalities, recent illness or injury, menstrual status for female participants, as well as details of recent travel and current vaccination status, and current medications, supplements and allergies. Barefoot height in metre (Holtain, Crymych, UK), body mass (counter balanced scales) in kilogram (Seca, Hamburg, Germany) and skinfold thickness in millimetre using a Harpenden skinfold caliper (Bath International, West Sussex, UK) were recorded pre-exercise. Section 2: Testing protocols 2.1: Cycling A continuous graded incremental exercise test (GxT) to volitional exhaustion was performed on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer (Lode Excalibur Sport, Groningen, The Netherlands). Participants initially identified a cycling position in which they were most comfortable by adjusting saddle height, saddle fore-aft position relative to the crank axis, saddle to handlebar distance and handlebar height. Participant’s feet were secured to the ergometer using their own cycling shoes with cleats and accompanying pedals. The protocol commenced with a 15-min warm-up at a workload of 120 Watt (W), followed by a 10-min rest. The GxT began with a 3-min stationary phase for resting data collection, followed by an active phase commencing at a workload of 100 or 120 W for female and male participants, respectively, and subsequently increasing by a 20, 30 or 40 W incremental increase every 3-min depending on gender and current competition category. During assessment participants maintained a constant self-selected cadence chosen during their warm-up (permitted window was 5 rev.min−1 within a permitted absolute range of 75 to 95 rev.min−1) and the test was terminated when a participant was no longer able to maintain a constant cadence. Heart rate (HR) data were recorded continuously by radio-telemetry using a Cosmed HR monitor (Cosmed, Rome, Italy). During the test, blood samples were collected from the middle finger of the right hand at the end of the second minute of each 3-min interval. The fingertip was cleaned to remove any sweat or blood and lanced using a long point sterile lancet (Braun, Melsungen, Germany). The blood sample was collected into a heparinised capillary tube (Brand, Wertheim, Germany) by holding the tube horizontal to the droplet and allowing transfer by capillary action. Subsequently, a 25μL aliquot of whole blood was drawn from the capillary tube using a YSI syringepet (YSI, OH, USA) and added into the chamber of a YSI 1500 Sport lactate analyser (YSI, OH, USA) for determination of non-lysed [Lac] in mmol.L−1. The lactate analyser was calibrated to the manufacturer’s requirements (± 0.05 mmol.L−1) before each test using a standard solution (YSI, OH, USA) of known concentration (5 mmol.L−1) and analyser linearity was confirmed using either a 15 or 30 mmol.L-1 standard solution (YSI, OH, USA). Gas exchange variables including respiration rate (Rf in breaths.min-1), minute ventilation (VE in L.min-1), oxygen consumption (VO2 in L.min-1 and in mL.kg-1.min-1) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2 in L.min-1), were measured on a breath-by-breath basis throughout the test, using a cardiopulmonary exercise testing unit (CPET) and an associated software package (Cosmed, Rome, Italy). Participants wore a face mask (Hans Rudolf, KA, USA) which was connected to the CPET unit. The metabolic unit was calibrated prior to each test using ambient air and an alpha certified gas mixture containing 16% O2, 5% CO2 and 79% N2 (Cosmed, Rome, Italy). Volume calibration was performed using a 3L gas calibration syringe (Cosmed, Rome, Italy). Barometric pressure recorded by the CPET was confirmed by recording barometric pressure using a laboratory grade barometer. Following testing mean HR and mean VO2 data at rest and during each exercise increment were computed and tabulated over the final minute of each 3-min interval. A graphical plot of [Lac], mean VO2 and mean HR versus cycling workload was constructed and analysed to quantify physiological endurance indices, see Data Analysis section. Data for VO2 peak in L.min-1 (absolute) and in mL.kg-1.min-1 (relative) and VE peak in L.min-1 were reported as the peak data recorded over any 10 consecutive breaths recorded during the last minute of the final exercise increment. 2.2: Running protocol A continuous graded incremental exercise test (GxT) to volitional exhaustion was performed on a motorised treadmill (Powerjog, Birmingham, UK). The running protocol, performed at a gradient of 0%, commenced with a 15-min warm-up at a velocity (km.h-1) which was lower than the participant’s reported typical weekly long run (>60 min) on-road training velocity. Subsequently, the warm-up was followed by a 10 minute rest / dynamic stretching phase. From a safety perspective during all running GxT participants wore a suspended lightweight safety harness to minimise any potential falls risk. The GxT began with a 3-min stationary phase for resting data collection, followed by an active phase commencing at a sub-maximal running velocity which was lower than the participant’s reported typical weekly long run (>60 min) on-road training velocity, and subsequently increased by ≥ 1 km.h-1 every 3-min depending on gender and current competition category. The test was terminated when a participant was no longer able to maintain the imposed treadmill. Measurement variables, equipment and pre-test calibration procedures, timing and procedure for measurement of selected variables and subsequent data analysis were as outlined in Section 2.1. 2.3: Rowing / kayaking protocol A discontinuous graded incremental exercise test (GxT) to volitional exhaustion was performed on a Concept 2C rowing ergometer (Concept, VA, US) in rowers or a Dansprint kayak ergometer (Dansprint, Hvidovre, Denmark) in flat-water kayakers. The protocol commenced with a 15-min low-intensity warm-up at a workload (W) dependent on gender, sport and competition category, followed by a 10-min rest. For rowing the flywheel damping (120, 125 or 130W) was set dependent on gender and competition category. For kayaking the bungee cord tension was adjusted by individual participants to suit their requirements. A discontinuous protocol of 3-min exercise at a targeted load followed by a 1-min rest phase to facilitate stationary earlobe capillary blood sample collection and resetting of ergometer display (Dansprint ergometer) was used. The GxT began with a 3-min stationary phase for resting data collection, followed by an active phase commencing at a sub-maximal load 80 to 120 W for rowing, 50 to 90 W for kayaking and subsequently increased by 20,30 or 40 W every 3-min depending on gender, sport and current competition category. The test was terminated when a participant was no longer able to maintain the targeted workload. Measurement variables, equipment and pre-test calibration procedures, timing and procedure for measurement of selected variables and subsequent data analysis were as outlined in Section 2.1. 3.1: Data analysis Constructed graphical plots (HR, VO2 and [Lac] versus load / velocity) were analysed to quantify the following; load / velocity at TLac, HR at TLac, [Lac] at TLac, % of VO2 peak at TLac, % of HRmax at TLac, load / velocity and HR at a nominal [Lac] of 2 mmol.L-1, load / velocity, VO2 and [Lac} at a nominal HR of 160 beats.min-1. Load at TLac was determined using segmental regression analysis. Two linear segments were plotted that minimised the squared sum of the residuals between the plotted points and best fit lines. The intersection of these the two linear segments was defined as the relevant breakpoint or threshold, (Raleigh et al. 2018. Int J Exerc Sci, 11, 391-403. 4.1: Terms of Use The attached database is provided as a research or educational asset / tool for coach, athlete and exercise science / exercise medicine education and usage only.第1章 引言 数据集内容概述： 本数据库包含爱尔兰都柏林圣三一学院医学院人体性能实验室为男性及女性参与者（开展骑行、划船、皮划艇与跑步运动测试）采集的匿名化数据。共计835份分级递增运动测试（graded incremental exercise test, GxT）文件，其中骑行测试285份、划船/皮划艇测试266份、跑步测试284份。 数据集描述文件每行对应一份测试文件，包含以下列：文件名（格式为AXXX）、运动类型（骑行、跑步、划船或皮划艇）。 数据集涵盖按运动类型分类的参与者人体测量学数据：包括年龄、性别、身高、体重、体质量指数（Body Mass Index, BMI）、皮褶厚度、体脂百分比、瘦体重，以及血液学数据，即血红蛋白浓度（haemoglobin concentration, Hb）、红细胞压积（haematocrit, Hct）、红细胞计数（red blood cell, RBC）与白细胞计数（white blood cell, WBC）。同时包含静息状态及不同运动强度下的测试数据（心率（Heart rate, HR）、摄氧量（VO₂）与乳酸浓度数据[Lac]），以及用于量化个体耐力特征的衍生生理学指标。 应运动员通过电话或邮件寻求评估的请求，研究人员以口头或回复邮件的方式向其解释了测试流程、风险、获益以及测试与医学要求。随后经过7天的监管反思期，安排运动评估预约。在此监管期结束后，测试前获取每位参与者的口头知情同意；对于18岁以下的参与者，则需获取其父母/监护人的书面知情同意。本研究已获得健康科学学院伦理委员会的伦理批准，所有测试程序均符合《赫尔辛基宣言》指南。 所有同意参与的受试者需在休息充足、碳水化合物负荷充足且水分充足的状态下到访实验室一次；男性受试者还需刮净面部毛发。所有参与者在运动测试前需接受赛前医学检查，包括静息血压评估、肺功能测试，以及由合格医师完成的血液学检查（采用贝克曼库尔特（Beckmann Coulter, CA, 美国）的Coulter Counter Act Diff设备）。任何存在心脏异常、呼吸困难、感冒或流感症状、可能影响运动表现的肌肉骨骼损伤、糖尿病、高血压、代谢紊乱或其他禁忌症状的人员均被排除。此外，参与者需填写医学问卷，内容涵盖训练史、既往个人与家族健康异常、近期患病或受伤情况、女性参与者的月经状况，以及近期旅行史、当前疫苗接种情况、当前用药、补充剂与过敏史。测试前记录赤脚身高（单位：米，采用Holtain, Crymych, UK的设备）、体重（单位：千克，采用Seca, Hamburg, Germany的平衡秤），并使用哈彭登皮褶卡尺（Harpenden skinfold caliper, Bath International, West Sussex, UK）测量皮褶厚度（单位：毫米）。 第2章 测试方案 2.1 骑行测试 本测试为连续分级递增运动测试（GxT）至力竭，在电磁制动自行车功率计（Lode Excalibur Sport, Groningen, The Netherlands）上进行。参与者首先通过调整鞍座高度、鞍座相对于曲柄轴的前后位置、鞍座至车把的距离以及车把高度，找到最舒适的骑行姿势。参与者的双脚使用自带的带锁片骑行鞋与配套踏板固定在功率计上。测试流程以120瓦（W）的负荷进行15分钟热身，随后休息10分钟。分级递增测试先以3分钟静态阶段收集静息数据，随后进入主动阶段：女性参与者起始负荷为100W，男性为120W，随后根据性别与当前竞赛组别，每3分钟以20W、30W或40W的幅度递增。测试期间，参与者需保持热身阶段选定的恒定自选手踏频（允许范围为75~95 rev·min⁻¹，且波动幅度不超过5 rev·min⁻¹）；当参与者无法维持恒定踏频时，测试终止。 心率（HR）数据通过Cosmed HR监测仪（Cosmed, Rome, Italy）采用无线遥测技术连续记录。测试期间，在每3分钟间隔的第2分钟末，从右手中指采集血液样本。先清洁指尖以去除汗液或血液，再使用长尖无菌采血针（Braun, Melsungen, Germany）采血。血液样本通过肝素化毛细管（Brand, Wertheim, Germany）采集：将毛细管水平对准血滴，利用毛细作用收集血液。随后使用YSI syringepet（YSI, OH, USA）从毛细管中抽取25μL全血，注入YSI 1500 Sport乳酸分析仪（YSI, OH, USA）的测试腔，以测定未溶血的乳酸浓度[Lac]，单位为mmol·L⁻¹。每次测试前，使用已知浓度（5 mmol·L⁻¹）的标准溶液（YSI, OH, USA）按照制造商要求校准乳酸分析仪（误差范围±0.05 mmol·L⁻¹），并使用15或30 mmol·L⁻¹的标准溶液（YSI, OH, USA）确认分析仪线性度。 整个测试过程中，采用心肺运动测试系统（cardiopulmonary exercise testing, CPET）及配套软件包（Cosmed, Rome, Italy）以逐呼吸方式测量呼吸频率（Rf，单位为breaths·min⁻¹）、每分通气量（VE，单位为L·min⁻¹）、摄氧量（VO₂，单位为L·min⁻¹与mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹）以及二氧化碳生成量（VCO₂，单位为L·min⁻¹）等气体交换变量。参与者佩戴连接至CPET设备的面罩（Hans Rudolf, KA, USA）。每次测试前，使用环境空气与经α认证的混合气体（含16% O₂、5% CO₂与79% N₂，Cosmed, Rome, Italy）校准代谢设备。体积校准采用3L气体校准注射器（Cosmed, Rome, Italy）完成。CPET记录的大气压需通过实验室级气压计测量的大气压进行确认。 测试结束后，计算并制表每3分钟间隔最后1分钟的静息及各运动负荷阶段的平均HR与平均VO₂数据。绘制[Lac]、平均VO₂和平均HR随骑行负荷变化的曲线图，用于分析量化生理学耐力指标，详见“数据分析”章节。摄氧量峰值（VO₂ peak）以绝对单位L·min⁻¹和相对单位mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹表示，每分通气量峰值（VE peak）以L·min⁻¹表示，均取最后一个运动负荷阶段最后1分钟内连续10次呼吸记录的峰值数据。 2.2 跑步测试 本测试为连续分级递增运动测试（GxT）至力竭，在电动跑步机（Powerjog, Birmingham, UK）上进行。跑步测试坡度设置为0%，热身阶段以低于参与者报告的典型每周长距离跑步（时长>60分钟）的公路训练速度进行15分钟热身，随后进入10分钟休息/动态拉伸阶段。出于安全考虑，所有跑步分级递增测试期间，参与者需佩戴悬挂式轻量化安全背带，以降低跌倒风险。分级递增测试先以3分钟静态阶段收集静息数据，随后进入主动阶段：起始跑步速度低于参与者报告的典型每周长距离公路训练速度，随后根据性别与当前竞赛组别，每3分钟以≥1 km·h⁻¹的幅度递增。当参与者无法维持跑步机设定的速度时，测试终止。测量变量、设备、测试前校准流程、变量测量的时间和步骤以及后续数据分析均与2.1章节所述一致。 2.3 划船/皮划艇测试 对赛艇运动员采用Concept 2C划船功率计（Concept, VA, US）、皮划艇运动员采用Dansprint皮划艇功率计（Dansprint, Hvidovre, Denmark）进行不连续分级递增运动测试（GxT）至力竭。测试流程以根据性别、运动类型和竞赛组别设定的低强度负荷进行15分钟热身，随后休息10分钟。划船测试的飞轮阻尼（120、125或130W）需根据性别与竞赛组别调整；皮划艇测试的弹力绳张力由参与者自行调整至适配状态。测试采用不连续流程：每3分钟运动后休息1分钟，以便采集耳垂毛细血管血液样本并重置功率计显示屏（针对Dansprint功率计）。分级递增测试先以3分钟静态阶段收集静息数据，随后进入主动阶段：划船测试起始负荷为80~120W，皮划艇测试为50~90W，随后根据性别、运动类型与当前竞赛组别，每3分钟以20W、30W或40W的幅度递增。当参与者无法维持目标负荷时，测试终止。测量变量、设备、测试前校准流程、变量测量的时间和步骤以及后续数据分析均与2.1章节所述一致。 3.1 数据分析 对绘制的HR、VO₂和[Lac]随负荷/速度变化的曲线图进行分析，以量化以下指标：乳酸阈值（threshold of lactate, TLac）对应的负荷/速度、TLac对应的HR、TLac对应的[Lac]、TLac对应的VO₂峰值百分比、TLac对应的最大心率百分比、标称[Lac]为2 mmol·L⁻¹时的负荷/速度和HR、标称HR为160 beats·min⁻¹时的负荷、VO₂和[Lac]。TLac对应的负荷通过分段回归分析确定：绘制两条线性线段，使绘制点与最佳拟合线之间的残差平方和最小，两条线段的交点即为相关断点或阈值（Raleigh et al. 2018. Int J Exerc Sci, 11, 391-403）。 4.1 使用条款 本附带数据库仅作为研究或教育资源/工具，仅供教练、运动员以及运动科学/运动医学领域的教育与使用。