Exiliados, transterrados y translingüistas desde y hacia Hispanoamérica

Exile is a constant drama in the history of Latin American countries and in Spain due to the numerous and violent dictatorships that forced a high percentage of the population to take refuge in other countries and the world wars that caused various emigrations to Latin America. But exile is often associated with a positive adaptation in the homeland of refuge that ends up being a second homeland and in this case the exiled person becomes translanded. Sometimes the change of country is associated with the change of language and in some cases the new language comes first and predominates over the original language, creating the case for translinguists. Here are some examples of intellectuals who emigrated to Mexico, such as Luis Buñuel or José Gaos; in Uruguay as Eugenio Coseriu and José Pedro Rona; and of other fugitives from the Argentine dictatorship, such as Juan Gelman, or Uruguayan dictatorship, such as Mario Benedetti. Finally, briefly, reference is made to other emigrants, victims of dictatorships such as the Uruguayans Alfredo Fressia and Saúl Ibargoyen Islas, to a exile for personal reasons, such as the Peruvian Jorge Eduardo Eielson, and to a translinguist such as the Peruvian César Moro.

流亡是拉丁美洲各国与西班牙历史中恒久上演的戏剧：层出不穷的暴力独裁政权迫使大量民众流亡他国，而两次世界大战亦催生了多股迁往拉丁美洲的移民潮。但流亡往往伴随流亡者在避难国实现积极适应，最终将这片土地视作第二故乡，此时这类流亡者便可被称为跨域流亡者（translanded）。有时，地域的变迁会伴随语言的转换；在部分情形中，新习得的语言会率先被掌握并取代母语，由此催生了跨语言使用者（translinguists）这一群体。以下是一批流亡至墨西哥的知识分子案例，如路易斯·布努埃尔（Luis Buñuel）与何塞·加奥斯（José Gaos）；流亡至乌拉圭的则有欧亨尼奥·科塞留（Eugenio Coseriu）与何塞·佩德罗·罗纳（José Pedro Rona）；另有逃离阿根廷独裁政权的胡安·赫尔曼（Juan Gelman），以及遭乌拉圭独裁政权迫害的马里奥·贝内德蒂（Mario Benedetti）。最后，本文简要提及了其他几位流亡者：包括乌拉圭独裁政权受害者阿尔弗雷多·弗雷西亚（Alfredo Fressia）与索尔·伊瓦戈延·伊斯拉斯（Saúl Ibargoyen Islas）；因个人原因流亡的秘鲁人豪尔赫·爱德华多·埃尔松（Jorge Eduardo Eielson）；以及跨语言使用者秘鲁人塞萨尔·莫罗（César Moro）。