Table_1_Physiological Synchrony of the Broad Bean Weevil, Bruchus rufimanus Boh., to the Host Plant Phenology, Vicia faba L..XLSX

The aims of the study were to understand the physiological and phenological relationship between Bruchus rufimanus and Vicia faba in the perspective of IPM strategies. V. faba, an important food resource for humans and livestock is the main host plant of B. rufimanus. Adults feed on the pollen, females lay eggs on pods, and larvae develop into the seeds. Pending the blooming phase, the weevil may feed on the pollen from wild plants. Depending on the sowing date, the phenological time lag should lead the plant parts, most utilized by the weevil, less or more available during the key life stages of the pest. The aims of the study were therefore (1) to assess the impact of the sowing date (i.e., cultivars) on the phenological relationship between B. rufimanus and V. faba, and (2) to identify alternative pollen resources during the vegetative phase. Insects were collected weekly on two cultivars: winter-sown and spring-sown fields. Ovarian development, fecundity, and diet were monitored using dissected adults. Results showed that immature adults colonized the blooming winter-sown field and then 2 weeks later, the blooming spring-sown field. Sexual maturity of the weevils is related with V. faba pollen consumption. The sexual maturity of females increased with the growing density of flowers and the first pods were quickly covered with eggs. In spring-sown field, first pods grew 19 days later, while collected females in winter sown field had already laid most of their eggs. Feeding tests were carried using flowers collected from plants growing close to the fields: wild chervil, oilseed rape and wild Prunus. All this pollen were consumed by the weevils. The study showed a perfect synchrony between the host and the pest. Late sowing date and control of the early blooming wild plants surrounding the crops might reduce the attacks in field beans. More broadly, the study helps to understand the eco-ethology of the insect in cultivated areas.本研究旨在从有害生物综合防治（Integrated Pest Management，IPM）的视角，解析蚕豆象（Bruchus rufimanus）与蚕豆（Vicia faba）之间的生理与物候关系。蚕豆是人类与畜禽的重要食物来源，同时也是蚕豆象的主要寄主植物。成虫以花粉为食，雌虫将卵产于豆荚表面，幼虫则在种子内部发育。在寄主植物开花前期，该象甲可取食野生植物的花粉。播期差异会导致物候期滞后，进而使得象甲偏好取食的植株组织，在害虫关键生活史阶段的可获得性发生增减变化。因此本研究的目标为：(1) 评估播期（即品种类型）对蚕豆象与蚕豆之间物候关系的影响；(2) 明确该象甲在营养生长期可利用的替代花粉资源。研究人员每周对两个品种类型的田块——冬播蚕豆田与春播蚕豆田——开展昆虫采样。通过解剖成虫，对其卵巢发育状况、繁殖力以及取食习性进行监测。结果显示，未性成熟的成虫先侵染处于开花期的冬播蚕豆田，两周后再侵染春播蚕豆田。该象甲的性成熟与蚕豆花粉的取食密切相关：雌虫的性成熟程度随花朵密度升高而提升，且初结豆荚会快速被虫卵覆盖。春播田块的初结豆荚较冬播田晚19天，此时采集自冬播田的雌虫已完成大部分产卵活动。研究人员以田块周边采集的野生植物花材开展取食试验，供试植物包括峨参（wild chervil）、油菜（oilseed rape）以及野生李属植物（wild Prunus），结果表明该象甲可取食上述所有植物的花粉。本研究证实寄主植物与害虫之间存在高度同步的物候关系。适当推迟播期，并管控作物周边早期开花的野生植物，可减轻蚕豆田遭受的虫害。从更广泛的层面来看，本研究有助于阐明该昆虫在农田生态系统中的行为生态学特征。