Hydrologic data compilation from headwater stream case studies for open access

Drying has a major impact on pattern and process in streams, particularly in small or headwater streams. Such streams that dry recurrently are called non-perennial streams and represent most of the channel length across river networks. In spite of their prevalence, non-perennial streams are vastly underrepresented in existing stream gaging networks and in maps and hydrographic datasets. However, diverse and spatially extensive datasets of surface water presence observations exist as well as recently developed mobile applications that could help fill the data gap in characterizing the spatial extent of non-perennial streams. Hydrological data from perennial and non-perennial reaches were compiled from a series of studies on headwater streams to expand available data for mapping and modeling efforts in the United States. Hydrologic data within this compilation include visually recorded observations of hydrological status (dry, isolated pools, interstitial flow, and continuous surface flow), point measurements of discharge (cubic meters per second), and logger-based measurements for the timing and duration of streamflow and drying. These data were compiled across a series of studies on headwater streams (drainage area ~2.6 km2 or less) and were used to characterize their hydrology. Hydrologic data within this compilation are organized into files based on type of hydrologic data and study area. The types of hydrologic data include visually recorded observations of hydrological status (dry, isolated pools, interstitial flow, and continuous surface flow), point measurements of discharge (cubic meters per second), and logger-based measurements for the timing and duration of streamflow and drying. The study areas included in the compilation include headwater streams in Kentucky (Robinson Forest), Illinois (Shawnee National Forest), Indiana (Hoosier National Forest), New Hampshire (Dodge Brook), New York (Balsam Lake Mountain), North Dakota (Pipestem), Ohio (Congress Run, Edgewood Preserve, Edge of Appalachia, Wayne National Forest), South Carolina (Carolina Sandhills, Sugarloaf Mountain, Sumter National Forest Enoree and Long Cane Districts), Tennessee (Big Ridge), Vermont (Hinesburg), Washington (Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie), and West Virginia (Coopers Rock). A more detailed description of the data files are included within the Data description.docx and Data Dictionary for logger data compilation.xlsx files. These datasets are also located at the United States Environmental Protection Agency data repository at: https://doi.org/10.23719/1532528

河道干涸对溪流的格局与过程具有显著影响，小型溪流或源头溪流（headwater streams）尤甚。周期性干涸的此类溪流被称为非季节性干涸溪流（non-perennial streams），其河道总长度占全球河网总河道长度的绝大多数。尽管这类溪流分布广泛，但现有溪流流量监测网络、地图及水文数据集对其的收录却严重不足。不过，目前已存在多类空间覆盖范围广泛的地表水存在观测数据集，同时近年开发的移动应用也可助力填补非季节性干涸溪流空间范围表征方面的数据空白。

本数据集从多项针对源头溪流的研究中整合了常年性河段与非季节性干涸河段的水文数据，以扩充美国地区制图与建模工作可用的水文数据资源。本次整合的水文数据包括：水文状态目视观测记录（干涸、孤立水塘、空隙流与连续地表流）、流量（单位：立方米每秒）点位测量值，以及基于水文记录仪的径流与干涸过程的时间与时长测量数据。

这些数据源自多项针对集水面积≤约2.6平方千米的源头溪流的研究，用于表征该类溪流的水文特征。本次整合的水文数据按照水文数据类型与研究区域分为不同文件，其涵盖的水文数据类型同样包括：水文状态目视观测记录（干涸、孤立水塘、空隙流与连续地表流）、流量（单位：立方米每秒）点位测量值，以及基于水文记录仪的径流与干涸过程的时间与时长测量数据。

本次数据整合涵盖的研究区域包括美国多个州的源头溪流：肯塔基州（罗宾逊森林）、伊利诺伊州（肖尼国家森林）、印第安纳州（胡西尔国家森林）、新罕布什尔州（道奇溪）、纽约州（巴尔萨姆湖山）、北达科他州（派普斯廷姆溪）、俄亥俄州（国会溪、埃奇伍德保护区、阿巴拉契亚边缘地带、韦恩国家森林）、南卡罗来纳州（卡罗来纳沙丘、孤山、萨姆特国家森林埃诺里与朗凯恩分区）、田纳西州（大山岭）、佛蒙特州（欣斯堡）、华盛顿州（贝克-斯诺夸尔米山）以及西弗吉尼亚州（库珀斯罗克）。

关于数据文件的详细说明，请参阅Data description.docx与Data Dictionary for logger data compilation.xlsx两份文件。本数据集同时上传至美国环境保护署（United States Environmental Protection Agency）数据仓储，链接为：https://doi.org/10.23719/1532528。