Supplementary information files for Effect of the perception of breakfast consumption on subsequent appetite and energy intake in healthy males

Supplementary files for article Effect of the perception of breakfast consumption on subsequent appetite and energy intake in healthy males Purpose: This study aimed to assess the effects of consuming a very-low-energy placebo breakfast on subsequent appetite and lunch energy intake. Methods: Fourteen healthy males consumed water-only (WAT), very-low-energy, viscous placebo (containing water, low-calorie flavoured squash, and xanthan gum; ~ 16 kcal; PLA), and whole-food (~ 573 kcal; FOOD) breakfasts in a randomised order. Subjects were blinded to the energy content of PLA and specific study aims. Venous blood samples were collected pre-breakfast, 60- and 180-min post-breakfast to assess plasma acylated ghrelin and peptide tyrosine tyrosine concentrations. Subjective appetite was measured regularly, and energy intake was assessed at an ad libitum lunch meal 195-min post-breakfast. Results: Lunch energy intake was lower during FOOD compared to WAT (P < 0.05), with no further differences between trials (P ≥ 0.132). Cumulative energy intake (breakfast plus lunch) was lower during PLA (1078 ± 274 kcal) and WAT (1093 ± 249 kcal), compared to FOOD (1554 ± 301 kcal; P < 0.001). Total area under the curve (AUC) for hunger, desire to eat and prospective food consumption were lower, and fullness was greater during PLA and FOOD compared to WAT (P < 0.05). AUC for hunger was lower during FOOD compared to PLA (P < 0.05). During FOOD, acylated ghrelin was suppressed compared to PLA and WAT at 60 min (P < 0.05), with no other hormonal differences between trials (P ≥ 0.071). Conclusion: Consuming a very-low-energy placebo breakfast does not alter energy intake at lunch but may reduce cumulative energy intake across breakfast and lunch and attenuate elevations in subjective appetite associated with breakfast omission. Trial registration: NCT04735783, 2nd February 2021, retrospectively registered.

本文件为论文《健康男性早餐摄入感知对后续食欲及能量摄入的影响》的补充材料。
研究目的：本研究旨在评估极低能量安慰剂早餐的摄入对后续食欲及午餐能量摄入的影响。
研究方法：14名健康男性以随机顺序摄入三种早餐：仅饮水组（WAT）、极低能量粘性安慰剂组（PLA，含饮用水、低热量调味糖浆及黄原胶，约16 kcal）、全食物早餐组（FOOD，约573 kcal）。受试者对安慰剂的能量含量及本研究具体研究目的设盲。于早餐前、早餐后60分钟及180分钟采集静脉血样，以检测血浆酰化饥饿激素（acylated ghrelin）及肽酪氨酸酪氨酸（peptide tyrosine tyrosine）浓度。定期测评受试者的主观食欲，并于早餐后195分钟安排自由进食午餐，以评估能量摄入情况。
研究结果：与WAT组相比，FOOD组的午餐能量摄入更低（P < 0.05），其余组间无显著差异（P ≥ 0.132）。PLA组（1078 ± 274 kcal）与WAT组（1093 ± 249 kcal）的总能量摄入（早餐+午餐）均低于FOOD组（1554 ± 301 kcal；P < 0.001）。饥饿感、进食欲望及预期食物摄入量的曲线下总面积（AUC）均更低，且PLA组与FOOD组的饱腹感强于WAT组（P < 0.05）。FOOD组的饥饿感曲线下面积低于PLA组（P < 0.05）。与PLA组及WAT组相比，FOOD组在早餐后60分钟的酰化饥饿激素水平受到抑制（P < 0.05），其余激素指标组间无显著差异（P ≥ 0.071）。
研究结论：摄入极低能量安慰剂早餐不会改变午餐的能量摄入，但可降低早餐加午餐的总能量摄入，并缓解因未进食早餐引发的主观食欲升高。
试验注册：NCT04735783，2021年2月2日回顾性注册。