Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of six bee viruses from Varroa destructor in Korea

In the beekeeping industry, the control of Varroa destructor and viruses is a crucial factor in maintaining the health of the western honey bee Apis mellifera L. Recently, in Korea, beekeepers suffered for high colony losses during the overwintering, and the presence of V. destructor and viruses has been considered an important factor for honey bee health. In this study, we investigated the presence of six honey bee viruses [deformed wing virus (DWV), sacbrood virus (SBV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), and black queen cell virus (BQCV)] in V. destructor in Korea. V. destructor was collected from 46 apiaries in nine provinces in Korea, and viruses were detected using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. DWV was most predominantly detected at 87% of apiaries, followed by IAPV, SBV, KBV, BQCV, and CBPV that were detected in 65.2%, 17.4%, 13%, 8.7%, and 6.5% of apiaries in Korea. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that five viruses (IAPV, SBV, BQCV, and CBPV) were grouped into clades of viruses originating from China, Russia, and Australia, but KBV showed no distinct clades of countries. This study confirmed the presence of various types of bee viruses in V. destructor in Korea, indicating that domestic honey bees are exposed to multiple viruses via V. destructor.在养蜂产业中，对狄斯瓦螨（Varroa destructor）与蜜蜂病毒的防控，是维持西方蜜蜂（Apis mellifera L.）健康的关键因素。近年来，韩国养蜂户在蜂群越冬期间遭遇了严重的群势损失，而狄斯瓦螨与病毒的检出被认为是影响蜜蜂健康的重要因素。本研究针对韩国境内狄斯瓦螨体内的6种蜜蜂病毒进行了检测，分别为：畸形翅病毒（deformed wing virus, DWV）、囊状幼虫病病毒（sacbrood virus, SBV）、克什米尔蜜蜂病毒（Kashmir bee virus, KBV）、以色列急性麻痹病毒（Israeli acute paralysis virus, IAPV）、慢性蜜蜂麻痹病毒（chronic bee paralysis virus, CBPV）以及黑蜂王台病毒（black queen cell virus, BQCV）。研究人员从韩国9个省份的46个养蜂场采集狄斯瓦螨样本，并通过逆转录聚合酶链反应（reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR）完成病毒检测。检出率最高的为畸形翅病毒（DWV），覆盖87%的采样养蜂场；后续依次为以色列急性麻痹病毒（IAPV，65.2%）、囊状幼虫病病毒（SBV，17.4%）、克什米尔蜜蜂病毒（KBV，13%）、黑蜂王台病毒（BQCV，8.7%）与慢性蜜蜂麻痹病毒（CBPV，6.5%）。系统发育分析结果显示，5种病毒（以色列急性麻痹病毒IAPV、囊状幼虫病病毒SBV、黑蜂王台病毒BQCV以及慢性蜜蜂麻痹病毒CBPV）可聚类为源自中国、俄罗斯与澳大利亚的病毒进化枝；而克什米尔蜜蜂病毒（KBV）未形成明确的地域特异性进化枝。本研究证实了韩国境内狄斯瓦螨体内存在多种蜜蜂病毒，表明本土西方蜜蜂可通过狄斯瓦螨接触到多种病毒。