Indonesian urban forest policies, practice and bioenergy potential of urban forest tree species

This study examines Indonesian urban forest policy, practice, and potential with reference to forest composition and bioenergy potential. The results showed that there are challenges in the implementation of urban forest policies into urban forest practices. For example, the land size allocation for urban forests in Jakarta, Surabaya, and Malang is still not in accordance with the existing policies as their land size is far less than 10% of these total areas. Predominant tree species in Indonesian urban forestry are <i>Pterocarpus indicus, Delonix regia, Polyalthia longifolia, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Mimusops elengi, Samanea saman, Tectona grandis, Ficus benjamina, Mangifera indica</i>, and <i>Tamarindus indica</i>. These trees are considered as multipurpose species that can be utilised for bioenergy, wood-based furniture, food and foraging, medicine, and many other uses. Aside from firewood and charcoal, these trees should be explored for their potential as biofuel, biogas, bio-pellet, and electricity generation. Bioenergy potential of urban forest trees can be an important consideration for the Government of Indonesia to actualise the potential of the urban forest and to create energy-independent cities.

本研究围绕森林组成与生物能源潜力，对印度尼西亚城市森林的政策、实践及发展潜力展开调研。研究结果显示，将城市森林政策落地为城市森林实践的过程中仍存在诸多挑战。例如，雅加达、泗水和玛琅的城市森林用地规模仍不符合现行政策要求，其实际用地面积远低于城市总面积的10%。印度尼西亚城市林业的优势树种包括<i>Pterocarpus indicus</i>、<i>Delonix regia</i>、<i>Polyalthia longifolia</i>、<i>Lagerstroemia speciosa</i>、<i>Mimusops elengi</i>、<i>Samanea saman</i>、<i>Tectona grandis</i>、<i>Ficus benjamina</i>、<i>Mangifera indica</i>以及<i>Tamarindus indica</i>。上述树种均为多用途物种，可应用于生物能源、木质家具、食用与饲用、医药等诸多领域。除薪柴与木炭外，还应挖掘这些树种作为生物燃料、沼气、生物质颗粒及发电原料的潜力。印度尼西亚政府可将城市林木的生物能源潜力作为重要考量因素，以充分释放城市森林的发展潜能，打造能源自给型城市。