Research data supporting "Understanding changes to children's connection to nature during the Covid-19 pandemic and implications for child well-being"

Data were collected from 29 April 2020 until 6 July 2020 as part of the i-FAMS-Covid Consortium. Parents with a child between the ages of 3-and 7-years-old responded to the survey with reference to one target child. In this subsample (n=376) of the main UK survey sample (nUK=706), limited to parents who responded to at least one of the current study’s key questions, parent respondents had a mean age of 37.93 years (n=367, range=21-55, SD=5.74), 90% of respondents were female (n=338), and 93.3% reported their ethnicity as White (n=280). 52.3% of target children were male (n=195) and the mean age of the children was 6.06 years (n=376, range=3.86-7.97 years, SD=1.07). Connection to nature - Our analyses focussed on parental responses to two survey questions: a forced ‘Yes / No’ response to the question “Overall, do you think your child’s connection to nature has changed?” and a free text justification question “If yes, how do you think your child’s connection to nature has changed and why?” In total, 376 parents responded, of whom 372 answered the forced response question and 307 included a text-based response. We used qualitative content analysis to examine parents’ text-based answers. Socio-economic status - A composite measure of family socioeconomic status was created as the mean Z-score of parent/caregiver reported highest level of parental education, parent occupation category, and spaciousness and number of bedrooms in the family home. A higher score on this composite variable indicated higher socioeconomic status. Parent occupation and the occupation of the other primary parent/caregiver was coded based on categorisations from the United Kingdom’s Office for National Statistics Standard Occupation Classification (ONS, 2020a). Spaciousness of the family’s residence was reported by parents/caregivers as either ‘small and cramped,’ ‘small but adequate,’ ‘quite spacious,’ or ‘very spacious’. Additionally, parents were also asked if their child was eligible for pupil premium. 60 parents indicated that their child was eligible for pupil premium, and as expected, these families has a significantly lower score on the composite SES variable (M = -0.74, SD = .56), compared to children ineligible for pupil premium (M = .11, SD = .58), t(369) = 10.50, p < 0.001. Covid disruption - Covid disruption was determined based upon survey responses to the extent to which a family experienced impacts from Covid-19 in the form of financial strain, impacts to work situation, family conflict and worry; this was based upon work by Prime et al. (2020). Child well-being - Parents/caregivers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) (Goodman, 1997) for the target child during the pandemic. Responses are scored based upon a 3-point Likert scale (not true, somewhat true, and certainly true). In this sample, internal consistencies were good (Cronbach ɑ for behavioural problems = .81; emotional problems = .76).

本数据集采集于2020年4月29日至2020年7月6日，为i-FAMS-Covid研究联盟的研究内容之一。研究对象为年龄介于3至7岁的儿童的家长，每名家长仅针对一名目标儿童填写问卷。本次子样本（n=376）源自英国主调查样本（n_UK=706），仅纳入至少回答了本研究一项核心问题的家长。受访家长的平均年龄为37.93岁（n=367，年龄范围21~55岁，标准差SD=5.74），其中90%为女性（n=338），93.3%的受访者自述为白人族群（n=280）；目标儿童中52.3%为男性（n=195），儿童平均年龄为6.06岁（n=376，年龄范围3.86~7.97岁，SD=1.07）。

自然联结（Connection to nature）：本分析聚焦于家长对两项调查问题的作答：其一为强制性"是/否"问题"总体而言，您认为您的孩子与自然的联结是否发生了变化？"；其二为开放式文本作答问题"若是，请说明您认为孩子与自然的联结发生了何种变化，以及原因是什么？"。本次共有376名家长参与作答，其中372人回答了强制性问题，307人提供了文本作答内容。本研究采用质性内容分析法对家长的文本回复进行分析。

社会经济地位（Socio-economic Status, SES）：本研究构建了家庭社会经济地位的综合衡量指标，以家长/照料者自述的父母最高受教育水平、家长职业类别，以及家庭住宅的空间宽敞度与卧室数量的标准化Z分数均值作为计算依据。该综合变量得分越高，代表家庭社会经济地位越高。家长职业及另一方主要照料者的职业，依据英国国家统计局（Office for National Statistics, ONS）2020年版职业标准分类（ONS, 2020a）进行编码。家庭住宅的空间宽敞度由家长/照料者自评，分为"狭小拥挤""狭小但够用""相当宽敞"及"非常宽敞"四类。此外，家长还被问及目标儿童是否符合学生补贴（pupil premium）申领资格。共有60名家长表示其子女符合申领资格，如预期所示，这类家庭的综合SES得分（M=-0.74, SD=0.56）显著低于不符合资格的家庭（M=0.11, SD=0.58），t(369)=10.50, p<0.001。

新冠疫情干扰（Covid disruption）：本研究基于家长对家庭受新冠疫情影响程度的作答来衡量疫情干扰情况，涉及经济压力、工作状况变动、家庭冲突与焦虑等维度，该指标改编自Prime等人（2020）的研究。

儿童幸福感（Child well-being）：家长/照料者在疫情期间为目标儿童填写了长处与困难问卷（Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, SDQ）（Goodman, 1997）。问卷采用3点李克特量表计分，选项为"不符合""有点符合""完全符合"。在本次样本中，量表内部一致性良好：行为问题分量表克朗巴赫α系数为0.81；情绪问题分量表克朗巴赫α系数为0.76。