Table_1_Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of a Camelina sativa Spring Panel.XLSX

There is a need to explore renewable alternatives (e.g., biofuels) that can produce energy sources to help reduce the reliance on fossil oils. In addition, the consumption of fossil oils adversely affects the environment and human health via the generation of waste water, greenhouse gases, and waste solids. Camelina sativa, originated from southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia, is being re-embraced as an industrial oilseed crop due to its high seed oil content (36–47%) and high unsaturated fatty acid composition (>90%), which are suitable for jet fuel, biodiesel, high-value lubricants and animal feed. C. sativa’s agronomic advantages include short time to maturation, low water and nutrient requirements, adaptability to adverse environmental conditions and resistance to common pests and pathogens. These characteristics make it an ideal crop for sustainable agricultural systems and regions of marginal land. However, the lack of genetic and genomic resources has slowed the enhancement of this emerging oilseed crop and exploration of its full agronomic and breeding potential. Here, a core of 213 spring C. sativa accessions was collected and genotyped. The genotypic data was used to characterize genetic diversity and population structure to infer how natural selection and plant breeding may have affected the formation and differentiation within the C. sativa natural populations, and how the genetic diversity of this species can be used in future breeding efforts. A total of 6,192 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technology. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.29 indicate moderate genetic diversity for the C. sativa spring panel evaluated in this report. Population structure and principal coordinates analyses (PCoA) based on SNPs revealed two distinct subpopulations. Sub-population 1 (POP1) contains accessions that mainly originated from Germany while the majority of POP2 accessions (>75%) were collected from Eastern Europe. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) identified 4% variance among and 96% variance within subpopulations, indicating a high gene exchange (or low genetic differentiation) between the two subpopulations. These findings provide important information for future allele/gene identification using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and marker-assisted selection (MAS) to enhance genetic gain in C. sativa breeding programs.

当前亟需探索可再生替代能源（如生物燃料），以降低人类对化石油料的依赖。此外，化石油料的消费会通过产生废水、温室气体及固体废弃物，对环境与人类健康造成负面影响。亚麻荠（Camelina sativa）起源于东南欧与西南亚，因其种子含油量达36%~47%、不饱和脂肪酸占比超90%，适配喷气燃料、生物柴油、高价值润滑剂及动物饲料，而重新被认可为工业油料作物。其农艺性状优势包括生育期短、需水需肥量低、可适应恶劣环境条件，且对常见病虫害具有抗性，这些特性使其成为可持续农业系统与边际土地区域的理想作物。然而，遗传与基因组资源的匮乏，阻碍了这一新兴油料作物的遗传改良，以及其全部农艺与育种潜力的挖掘。本研究收集了213份春性亚麻荠种质资源并开展基因型分型，利用获得的基因型数据解析遗传多样性与群体结构，以推断自然选择与作物育种如何影响亚麻荠自然种群的形成与分化，以及该物种的遗传多样性可如何应用于后续育种工作。本研究通过测序分型（Genotyping-by-Sequencing, GBS）技术，共鉴定得到6192个高质量单核苷酸多态性（Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, SNPs）位点；本研究所评估的春性亚麻荠种质群体的平均多态信息含量（Polymorphism Information Content, PIC）为0.29，表明其遗传多样性处于中等水平。基于SNPs的群体结构分析与主坐标分析（Principal Coordinates Analysis, PCoA）结果显示，该群体存在两个明显的亚群：亚群1（POP1）的种质主要源自德国，而亚群2（POP2）中超过75%的种质收集自东欧地区。分子方差分析（Analysis of Molecular Variance, AMOVA）结果显示，亚群间的遗传变异占比为4%，亚群内占比为96%，表明两个亚群间存在较高的基因交流（即遗传分化程度较低）。本研究结果为后续通过全基因组关联分析（Genome-Wide Association Study, GWAS）与标记辅助选择（Marker-Assisted Selection, MAS）开展等位基因/功能基因鉴定、提升亚麻荠育种的遗传增益提供了重要依据。