BENEFIT-REALISE Legacy Soil Profile Dataset

Although soil and agronomy data collection in Ethiopia has begun over 60 years ago, the data are hardly accessible as they are scattered across different organizations, mostly held in the hands of individuals (Ashenafi et al.,2020; Tamene et al.,2022), which makes them vulnerable to permanent loss. Cognizant of the problem, the Coalition of the Willing (CoW) for data sharing and access was created in 2018 with joint support and coordination of the Alliance Bioversity-CIAT and GIZ (https://www.ethioagridata.com/index.html). Mobilizing its members, the CoW has embarked on data rescue operations including data ecosystem mapping, collation, and curation of the legacy data, which was put into the central data repository for its members and the wider data user’s community according to the guideline developed based on the FAIR data principles and approved by the CoW. So far, CoW managed to collate and rescue about 20,000 legacy soil profile data and over 38,000 crop responses to fertilizer data (Tamene et al.,2022). The legacy soil profile dataset (consisting of Profiles Site = 1,776 observations with 37 variables; Profiles Layer Field = 1,493 observations with 64 variables; Profiles Layer Lab= 1,386 observations with 76 variables) is extracted, transformed, and uploaded into a harmonized template (adapted from Batjes 2022; Leenaars et al, 2014) from the below source: Bilateral Ethiopian-Netherlands Effort for Food, Income and Trade (BENEFIT) Partnership which is a portfolio of five programs (ISSD, Cascape, ENTAG, SBN, and REALISE) and is funded by the government of the Kingdom of Netherlands through its embassy in Addis Ababa. The BENEFIT-REALISE program implements its interventions in 60 PSNP weredas in four regions (Tigray, Amhara, Oromia, and SNNPR).Accordingly, in 2019, BENEFIT-REALISE along with the MoA initiated a wereda-wide soil resource characterization and mapping task at1:50,000 scale in 15 BENEFIT-REALISE intervention weredas: 3 of Tigray, 6 of Amhara, 3 of Oromia, and 3 of SNNPR. Reference: Ashenafi, A., Tamene, L., and Erkossa, T. 2020. Identifying, Cataloguing, and Mapping Soil and Agronomic Data in Ethiopia. CIAT Publication No. 506. International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 42 p. 10.13140/RG.2.2.31759.41123. Ashenafi, A., Erkossa, T., Gudeta, K., Abera, W., Mesfin, E., Mekete, T., Haile, M., Haile, W., Abegaz, A., Tafesse, D. and Belay, G., 2022. Reference Soil Groups Map of Ethiopia Based on Legacy Data and Machine Learning Technique: EthioSoilGrids 1.0. EGUsphere, pp.1-40. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-301 Tamene L; Erkossa T; Tafesse T; Abera W; Schultz S. 2021. A coalition of the Willing - Powering data-driven solutions for Ethiopian Agriculture. CIAT Publication No. 518. International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 34 p. https://www.ethioagridata.com/Resources/Powering%20Data-Driven%20Solutions%20for%20Ethiopian%20Agriculture.pdf. The Coalition of the Willing (CoW) website: https://www.ethioagridata.com/index.html. Batjes, N.H., 2022. Basic principles for compiling a profile dataset for consideration in WoSIS. CoP report, ISRIC–World Soil Information, Wageningen. Contents Summary, 4(1), p.3. Carvalho Ribeiro, E.D. and Batjes, N.H., 2020. World Soil Information Service (WoSIS)-Towards the standardization and harmonization of world soil data: Procedures Manual 2020. Elias, E.: Soils of the Ethiopian Highlands: Geomorphology and Properties, CASCAPE Project, 648 ALTERRA, Wageningen UR, the Netherlands, library.wur.nl/WebQuery/isric/2259099, 649 2016. Leenaars, J. G. B., van Oostrum, A.J.M., and Ruiperez ,G.M.: Africa Soil Profiles Database, Version 1.2. A compilation of georeferenced and standardised legacy soil profile data for Sub Saharan Africa (with dataset), ISRIC Report 2014/01, Africa Soil Information Service (AfSIS) project and ISRIC – World Soil Information, Wageningen, library.wur.nl/WebQuery/isric/2259472, 2014. Leenaars, J. G. B., Eyasu, E., Wösten, H., Ruiperez González, M., Kempen, B.,Ashenafi, A., and Brouwer, F.: Major soil-landscape resources of the cascape intervention woredas, Ethiopia: Soil information in support to scaling up of evidence-based best practices in agricultural production (with dataset), CASCAPE working paper series No. OT_CP_2016_1, Cascape. https://edepot.wur.nl/428596, 2016. Leenaars, J. G. B., Elias, E., Wösten, J. H. M., Ruiperez-González, M., and Kempen, B.: Mapping the major soil-landscape resources of the Ethiopian Highlands using random forest, Geoderma, 361, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114067, 2020a. 740 . Leenaars, J. G. B., Ruiperez, M., González, M., Kempen, B., and Mantel, S.: Semi-detailed soil resource survey and mapping of REALISE woredas in Ethiopia, Project report to the BENEFIT-REALISE programme, December, ISRIC-World Soil Information, Wageningen, 2020b. TERMS: Access to the data is limited to the CoW members until the national soil and agronomy data-sharing directive of MoA is registered by the Ministry of Justice and released for implementation. DISCLAIMER: The dataset populated in the harmonized template consisting of 76 variables is extracted, transformed, and uploaded from the source document by the CoW. Hence, if any irregularities are observed, the data users have referred to the source document uploaded along with the dataset. Use of the dataset and any consequences arising from using it is the user’s sole responsibility.

尽管埃塞俄比亚的土壤与农艺数据采集工作已开展逾60年，但这些数据却几乎难以获取——它们分散于各类机构之中，且大多由个人持有（Ashenafi等，2020；Tamene等，2022），极易遭受永久丢失的风险。

意识到这一问题后，2018年在生物多样性国际联盟-国际热带农业中心（Alliance Bioversity-CIAT）与德国国际合作机构（GIZ）的联合支持与协调下，数据共享与获取意愿联盟（Coalition of the Willing, CoW）正式成立，其官方网站为https://www.ethioagridata.com/index.html。

CoW动员其成员启动了数据救援工作，涵盖数据生态系统绘图、遗留数据的整理与规范化治理，并根据基于FAIR数据原则（FAIR data principles）制定并经CoW批准的指南，将这些数据存入中央数据仓库，供联盟成员及更广泛的数据用户社区使用。

截至目前，CoW已成功整理并救援约20000条遗留土壤剖面数据，以及超过38000条作物肥料响应数据（Tamene等，2022）。

本遗留土壤剖面数据集分为三类：
1. 剖面点位数据集（Profiles Site）：包含1776条观测记录与37个变量；
2. 剖面野外分层数据集（Profiles Layer Field）：包含1493条观测记录与64个变量；
3. 剖面实验室分层数据集（Profiles Layer Lab）：包含1386条观测记录与76个变量。

该数据集从以下来源提取、转换并上传至统一化模板（harmonized template，改编自Batjes 2022；Leenaars等，2014）：埃塞俄比亚-荷兰双边粮食、收入与贸易伙伴关系计划（Bilateral Ethiopian-Netherlands Effort for Food, Income and Trade, BENEFIT），该计划包含五个项目组合：ISSD、Cascape、ENTAG、SBN与REALISE，由荷兰王国政府通过其驻亚的斯亚贝巴大使馆提供资助。

其中BENEFIT-REALISE项目在四个区域（提格雷州、阿姆哈拉州、奥罗米亚州与南埃塞俄比亚人民与民族州（Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, SNNPR））的60个生产力安全网计划（Productive Safety Net Programme, PSNP）沃雷达（woreda，埃塞俄比亚基层行政单位）内实施干预。据此，2019年BENEFIT-REALISE与农业部（Ministry of Agriculture, MoA）联合启动了一项比例尺为1:50000的全沃雷达土壤资源表征与绘图任务，覆盖15个BENEFIT-REALISE干预沃雷达：提格雷州3个、阿姆哈拉州6个、奥罗米亚州3个以及南埃塞俄比亚人民与民族州3个。

### 参考文献
1. Ashenafi, A., Tamene, L., and Erkossa, T. 2020. 埃塞俄比亚土壤与农艺数据的识别、编目与绘图. 国际热带农业中心（CIAT）出版物第506号. 国际热带农业中心（CIAT），埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴，42页. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31759.41123
2. Ashenafi, A., Erkossa, T., Gudeta, K., Abera, W., Mesfin, E., Mekete, T., Haile, M., Haile, W., Abegaz, A., Tafesse, D. and Belay, G., 2022. 基于遗留数据与机器学习技术的埃塞俄比亚参考土壤类型图：EthioSoilGrids 1.0. EGUsphere，第1-40页. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-301
3. Tamene L; Erkossa T; Tafesse T; Abera W; Schultz S. 2021. 意愿联盟——为埃塞俄比亚农业提供数据驱动解决方案的动力. 国际热带农业中心（CIAT）出版物第518号. 国际热带农业中心（CIAT），埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴，34页. https://www.ethioagridata.com/Resources/Powering%20Data-Driven%20Solutions%20for%20Ethiopian%20Agriculture.pdf
4. 意愿联盟（CoW）官网：https://www.ethioagridata.com/index.html
5. Batjes, N.H., 2022. 世界土壤信息服务（World Soil Information Service, WoSIS）剖面数据集编制基本原则. CoP报告，ISRIC-世界土壤信息中心，瓦赫宁根. 内容摘要，4(1)，第3页.
6. Carvalho Ribeiro, E.D. and Batjes, N.H., 2020. 世界土壤信息服务（WoSIS）——迈向全球土壤数据的标准化与统一化：2020年操作手册.
7. Elias, E.: 埃塞俄比亚高地土壤：地貌与属性，CASCAPE项目，648 ALTERRA，瓦赫宁根大学研究中心，荷兰，library.wur.nl/WebQuery/isric/2259099，2016.
8. Leenaars, J. G. B., van Oostrum, A.J.M., and Ruiperez ,G.M.: 非洲土壤剖面数据库，版本1.2. 撒哈拉以南非洲地理参考与标准化遗留土壤剖面数据汇编（含数据集），ISRIC报告2014/01，非洲土壤信息服务（Africa Soil Information Service, AfSIS）项目与ISRIC-世界土壤信息中心，瓦赫宁根，library.wur.nl/WebQuery/isric/2259472，2014.
9. Leenaars, J. G. B., Eyasu, E., Wösten, H., Ruiperez González, M., Kempen, B.,Ashenafi, A., and Brouwer, F.: 埃塞俄比亚CASCAPE干预沃雷达的主要土壤-景观资源：支持农业生产循证最佳实践规模化推广的土壤信息（含数据集），CASCAPE工作论文系列第OT_CP_2016_1号，CASCAPE. https://edepot.wur.nl/428596，2016.
10. Leenaars, J. G. B., Elias, E., Wösten, J. H. M., Ruiperez-González, M., and Kempen, B.: 利用随机森林绘制埃塞俄比亚高地主要土壤-景观资源，《土壤地质学》（Geoderma），361卷，https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114067，2020a. 第740页.
11. Leenaars, J. G. B., Ruiperez, M., González, M., Kempen, B., and Mantel, S.: 埃塞俄比亚REALISE沃雷达的半详细土壤资源调查与绘图，提交给BENEFIT-REALISE计划的项目报告，12月，ISRIC-世界土壤信息中心，瓦赫宁根，2020b.

### 使用条款
数据仅对CoW成员开放，直至埃塞俄比亚农业部（MoA）的国家土壤与农艺数据共享指令经司法部注册并发布实施。

### 免责声明
本数据集基于统一化模板构建，包含76个变量，由CoW从源文档中提取、转换并上传。因此，若发现任何数据异常，数据用户应参考随数据集一同上传的源文档。本数据集的使用及因使用所产生的任何后果，均由用户自行承担。