Cavitation erosion: an efficient method for promoting osteogenesis of titanium surfaces.

Abstract
Objective: Surface treatments of titanium dental implants may improve osseointegration and reduce the incidence of peri-implantitis. This study provides a new approach for surface modification by utilising the principle of cavitation, which can generate high temperature and pressure with micro-jets acting on the surface.
Methods: Titanium surfaces were treated by cavitation (CAV), and compared with a control group (large-grit acid-etched and sand-blasted; SLA). The microscopic morphology and roughness of the titanium surfaces, as well as their effect on osteoblast and macrophage biocompatibility were measured.
Results: Characteristic cavitation pits were formed on the surface following CAV treatment, and roughness was significantly increased compared to the SLA surface (p<0.05). The CAV treatment not only promoted adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts more effectively, but also facilitated the polarization of macrophages towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype.
Conclusion: An innovative titanium implant surface treatment that utilises the cavitation effect has been developed and demonstrates superior biocompatibility and ability to promote osteogenesis and immunomodulation compared with conventional surface treatment methods.

摘要
目的：牙科钛种植体的表面处理可改善骨整合（osseointegration）并降低种植体周围炎（peri-implantitis）的发生率。本研究利用空化效应原理开发了一种新型表面改性方法，该原理可通过作用于材料表面的微射流产生高温高压环境。
方法：采用空化（Cavitation, CAV）处理钛表面，并与对照组（大颗粒酸蚀喷砂处理，large-grit acid-etched and sand-blasted, SLA）进行对比。检测钛表面的微观形貌、粗糙度，以及其对成骨细胞（osteoblast）和巨噬细胞（macrophage）的生物相容性影响。
结果：空化处理后，钛表面形成了特征性的空化凹坑，且粗糙度显著高于SLA组（p<0.05）。空化处理不仅更有效地促进成骨细胞的黏附、增殖和成骨分化，还可推动巨噬细胞向抗炎表型极化。
结论：本研究开发了一种利用空化效应的创新型钛种植体表面处理方法，相较于传统表面处理方式，该方法展现出更优异的生物相容性、成骨诱导能力与免疫调节功能。