<p>Study Variables used in the analysis.</p>

Background and objective Bullying among adolescents is a growing public health concern with serious mental, emotional, and social well-being consequences. This study aims to assess prevalence of physical and cyberbullying among school-going adolescents (13–17 years) in Himachal Pradesh, India, and identify risky and protective factors using an ecological framework descriptively. Methods A cross-sectional, school-based survey was conducted across Himachal Pradesh using culturally adapted standardised questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with bullying perpetration and victimization. Results Out of 7563 adolescents surveyed, 18.41% reported involvement in physical or cyber bullying, with 13.96% involved in physical bullying and 9.64% in cyberbullying. Additionally, 15.60% adolescents reported being victims, including 11.40% experiencing physical and 7.88% cyberbullying. Associated Perpetration factors: • Behavioral factors: Increased risk was associated with junk food consumption, skipping breakfast, substance use, sexual activity, excessive screen time (>8 hours/day), and involvement in physical fights. • Emotional factors: Feelings of hopelessness and nervousness were associated with increased odds of both physical and cyberbullying. • Family-related factors: Adolescents with unskilled parents had higher odds of bullying others, while strong parental connectedness showed significant positive association. Victimization • Demographic and behavioral factors: Boys and adolescents from urban areas were more likely to be victims. Additional associated factors included unhealthy eating habits, substance use and sexual activity. • Emotional factors: Feelings of disappointment and distress were associated with increased victimization • Family-related factors: Parental connectedness was protective against both forms of bullying. Conclusion Findings highlight significant prevalence of both physical and cyberbullying among adolescents in Himachal Pradesh, with distinct behavioral, emotional, and family-related risk factors. Parental connectedness proved protective, underscoring the need for integrated, multi-level interventions to foster healthier behaviors, emotional well-being, and safer schools. Ayushman Bharat School Health and Wellness Programme can be strengthened by tailoring its module based on the identified risk and protective factors.一、研究背景与目的 青少年欺凌已成为日益严峻的公共卫生议题，会对个体的心理、情绪与社会福祉造成严重不良影响。本研究旨在评估印度喜马偕尔邦13至17岁在校青少年中躯体欺凌与网络欺凌的流行率，并采用生态学框架描述性地识别相关风险与保护因素。 二、研究方法 本研究在喜马偕尔邦全域开展基于学校的横断面调查，使用经过文化适配的标准化问卷。采用多变量逻辑斯蒂回归分析，识别与欺凌施害及被害行为相关的影响因素。 三、研究结果 在7563名受访青少年中，18.41%报告曾参与躯体欺凌或网络欺凌，其中13.96%涉及躯体欺凌，9.64%涉及网络欺凌；另有15.60%的青少年报告曾遭受欺凌，包括11.40%的躯体欺凌受害者与7.88%的网络欺凌受害者。 （一）欺凌施害相关影响因素 • 行为因素：食用垃圾食品、不吃早餐、物质使用、性行为、每日屏幕时长超过8小时的过度屏幕使用，以及参与肢体斗殴者，施害风险显著升高。 • 情绪因素：存在无望感与焦虑情绪者，实施躯体欺凌与网络欺凌的相对风险均显著升高。 • 家庭相关因素：父母无技能的青少年欺凌他人的概率更高，而良好的亲子联结则与欺凌施害行为呈显著负相关。 （二）欺凌被害相关影响因素 • 人口学与行为因素：男性青少年与城市青少年更易成为欺凌受害者。其他相关危险因素包括不健康饮食习惯、物质使用与性行为。 • 情绪因素：存在失望与痛苦情绪者，遭受欺凌的风险显著升高。 • 家庭相关因素：良好的亲子联结可同时降低两种欺凌形式的被害风险。 四、研究结论 本研究结果显示，喜马偕尔邦青少年的躯体欺凌与网络欺凌流行率均较高，且存在各自特异的行为、情绪与家庭相关风险因素。良好的亲子联结具有保护作用，这凸显了开展整合式多维度干预的必要性，以培育更健康的行为模式、提升情绪福祉并构建更安全的校园环境。可基于本次识别的风险与保护因素，对阿育曼巴拉特（Ayushman Bharat）学校健康与福祉计划的模块进行定制优化，以强化该项目的实施效果。