Excess Mortality and Live Births across 40 European Countries during COVID-19 (2020–2022): A P-Score and Panel Analysis

Dataset 1 – Mortality (mortality_real.xlsx) This dataset contains monthly data on all-cause mortality for 40 European countries during the period 2020–2022, harmonized to allow cross-national comparison of excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic.Each observation represents a country–month combination. The key variable is the P-score, defined as the percentage deviation of observed deaths from the average deaths in the baseline period (2015–2019).The dataset was compiled primarily from Eurostat’s weekly mortality database (demo_r_mweek3) and, when necessary, supplemented by the Human Mortality Database (STMF).Variables include: country: ISO-3 code of the country year and month: time identifiers p_score: monthly excess mortality (%) deaths_obs: observed number of deaths deaths_exp: expected (baseline) deathsThis file enables analysis of temporal and cross-country patterns of excess mortality across Europe. Dataset 2 – Live births (newborn_real.xlsx) This dataset contains monthly data on live births for the same 40 European countries, covering the period 2018–2022 to capture both pre-pandemic and pandemic fertility trends.Each observation represents a country–month combination.The data were obtained from Eurostat’s monthly births database (demo_f_01) and complemented with data from national statistical offices where necessary.Variables include: country: ISO-3 code of the country year and month: time identifiers live_births: number of live births per month index_2019: relative index (2019 = 100), used for standardized comparison across time and countriesThis file allows exploration of fertility dynamics before, during, and after the main phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.数据集1——死亡率（mortality_real.xlsx） 本数据集涵盖2020年至2022年间40个欧洲国家的全因死亡率月度数据，经过标准化协调处理以支持对新冠疫情（COVID-19 pandemic）期间超额死亡率的跨国比较。每条观测值对应一个国家-月份组合。核心变量为P-score（P值评分），其定义为观测死亡数相对于基准期（2015年至2019年）平均死亡数的百分比偏差。本数据集主要源自欧盟统计局（Eurostat）的周死亡率数据库（demo_r_mweek3），必要时辅以人类死亡率数据库（Human Mortality Database，STMF）的数据。数据集包含以下变量： country：国家的ISO-3代码 year、month：时间标识 p_score：月度超额死亡率（%） deaths_obs：观测死亡数 deaths_exp：预期（基准）死亡数 本数据集可用于分析欧洲范围内超额死亡率的时序与跨国分布特征。 数据集2——活产儿数据（newborn_real.xlsx） 本数据集涵盖上述40个欧洲国家2018年至2022年的活产月度数据，覆盖疫情前后时段以完整捕捉生育趋势变化。每条观测值对应一个国家-月份组合。本数据集主要源自欧盟统计局（Eurostat）的月度出生人口数据库（demo_f_01），必要时补充各国国家统计局的数据。数据集包含以下变量： country：国家的ISO-3代码 year、month：时间标识 live_births：月度活产数 index_2019：相对指数（以2019年为基准100），用于跨时段与跨国的标准化比较 本数据集可用于探究新冠疫情（COVID-19 pandemic）主要阶段前后的生育动态变化。