Terminology.

Service dogs, trained to assist people with disabilities, are known to impact their human partners’ social experiences. While service dogs can act as a “social bridge,” facilitating greater social connection under certain circumstances, many service dog partners also encounter challenges in social settings because of the presence of their service dog – despite legal protections. Among the most common challenges reported are experiences of stigma, discrimination, and access or service denials. This preregistered integrative review sought to synthesize empirical, theoretical, and legal literature to understand better the social experiences reported by service dog partners in the United States, including (1) civil rights experiences; (2) experiences of stigma and discrimination; and (3) broader social experiences. Following database searches and article screening, a total of N = 43 articles met the eligibility criteria for inclusion. Analyses were conducted in two stages: first, synthesizing quantitative and qualitative findings to explore the magnitude of social experiences reported by empirical articles and second, narrative synthesis to integrate findings across all article types. Analyses identified three themes: Adverse Social Experiences, Contributing Factors, and Proposed Solutions. Overall, we found consistent reports of stigma, discrimination, and access denials for service dog handlers. Additionally, these adverse experiences may be more common for service dog partners with disabilities not externally visible (i.e., invisible disabilities such as diabetes or substantially limiting mental health conditions). This integrative review highlights a pattern of social marginalization and stigmatization for some service dog partners, exacerbated by inadequate legal protection and widespread service dog fraud. These findings have implications for the individual well-being of people with disabilities partnered with service dogs and highlight a need for collective efforts to increase inclusion and access. Effective solutions likely require a multi-component approach operating at various socio-ecological levels.

服务犬（service dogs）是经过专门训练以协助残障人士的工作犬，众所周知其会对使用者的社交体验产生显著影响。尽管服务犬可在特定情境下充当"社交桥梁"，助力使用者建立更紧密的社会联结，但即便有法律保护，不少服务犬使用者仍会因随行的服务犬在社交场合中遭遇各类困境。据报告，最常见的困境包括遭受污名化、歧视，以及被拒绝提供服务或进入相关场所的经历。本预注册整合性综述（preregistered integrative review）旨在整合实证、理论与法律相关文献，以更深入地理解美国服务犬使用者所报告的社交体验，具体涵盖三大维度：(1) 民权相关经历；(2) 污名化与歧视经历；(3) 广义社交体验。经数据库检索与文献筛选后，共计43篇文献符合纳入标准。本次分析分为两个阶段：第一阶段整合定量与定性研究结果，以探究实证文献所报告的社交体验的发生规模；第二阶段采用叙事性整合方法，融合所有文献类型的研究发现。分析结果提炼出三大核心主题：不良社交体验、影响因素与拟议解决方案。总体而言，现有研究一致报告服务犬使用者会遭遇污名化、歧视以及场所进入权限被拒绝的情况。此外，对于外表不可见的残障服务犬使用者（如糖尿病或存在严重功能限制的精神疾病这类隐性残障人士），这类不良社交体验更为普遍。本整合性综述揭示了部分服务犬使用者面临社交边缘化与污名化的现状，而法律保护不足以及普遍存在的服务犬冒用行为进一步加剧了这一问题。本研究结果对服务犬使用者群体的个体福祉具有重要意义，同时也凸显出需通过集体努力提升社会包容性与场所可达性的必要性。有效的解决方案或需采用多维度策略，在社会生态系统的多个层面推进相关工作。