Correlations between types of violent discipline.

Violent discipline, characterized by the use of physical force resulting in bodily pain, discomfort, or resorting to scolding and emotional abuse to correct children’s misbehavior, has gathered considerable attention due to its negative impact on children’s development. This study aims to identify the prevalence and factors associated with different violent disciplinary practices toward children of 1–14 years age in Bangladesh. Utilizing data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) conducted in 2019, this analysis, based on interviews with parents of 70027 children, focuses on three dependent variables measuring violent disciplinary practices: psychological aggression, physical punishment and any violent discipline. The independent variables considered include the child’s age, sex, type of residence (rural or urban), division, education of mothers, child disability, ethnicity and wealth index. Logistic regression models were employed to find the relationships between these variables and different forms of violent discipline, including psychological aggression, physical punishment and any violent discipline (psychological aggression, physical punishment or both), among children in Bangladesh. The results reveal several significant associations with these disciplinary practices. Younger male children, with functional difficulties, those from urban residence and poorer households, residing in the central and southern regions of the country (Khulna, Chattogram), having primary educated mothers and belonging to the Bengali households are at higher risk of any form of violent discipline including psychological aggression, physical punishment. Significantly, our study unveils a strong correlation between any violent discipline and psychological aggression, highlighting that Bangladeshi parents predominantly employ psychological aggression as their primary mode of disciplinary practice. The findings underscore the importance of activating child protection laws and implementing continuous training programs for parents to promote positive parenting practices. To mitigate the use of violent discipline in Bangladesh, the study suggests focusing on improving parental education levels and addressing economic conditions.

以体罚造成身体疼痛、不适，或通过责骂与情感虐待来纠正儿童不良行为为特征的暴力管教方式，因其对儿童发展的负面影响而受到广泛关注。本研究旨在明确孟加拉国1至14岁儿童所遭受的各类暴力管教行为的流行率及其相关影响因素。本研究依托2019年开展的多指标类集调查（Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, MICS）数据，基于对70027名儿童家长的访谈资料，聚焦三类用于衡量暴力管教行为的因变量：心理攻击（psychological aggression）、体罚（physical punishment）以及任意形式的暴力管教。本研究纳入的自变量包括儿童年龄、性别、居住类型（农村或城市）、行政分区、母亲受教育程度、儿童残疾状况、民族以及财富指数。本研究采用逻辑回归模型（logistic regression），探究孟加拉国儿童群体中上述自变量与各类暴力管教行为（包括心理攻击、体罚以及任意形式的暴力管教，即心理攻击或体罚，或二者兼具）之间的关联。研究结果显示，此类管教行为与多项因素存在显著关联。年龄较小的男性儿童、存在功能障碍的儿童、城市居住群体、贫困家庭儿童、居住在该国中部与南部地区（库尔纳、吉大港）的儿童，以及母亲仅接受过初等教育、属于孟加拉族的家庭儿童，更易遭受各类形式的暴力管教，包括心理攻击与体罚。尤为关键的是，本研究揭示了任意形式暴力管教与心理攻击之间存在强相关性，表明孟加拉国家长主要将心理攻击作为其管教儿童的首要方式。本研究结果强调，需激活儿童保护相关法律法规，并为家长提供持续培训项目以推广积极育儿方式。为减少孟加拉国境内暴力管教行为的发生，本研究建议重点提升家长受教育水平，并改善家庭经济状况。