NERVOUS SYSTEM: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

This article provides a detailed description of the anatomical structure and physiological mechanisms of the nervous system, the most complex and important control system of the human body. The nervous system is the main tool that unites the activities of all organs and systems into a single whole, maintains the internal balance of the organism and ensures its adaptation to changes in the external environment. The main part of the text analyzes the specific properties of neurons, which are the structural units of the nervous system, their excitability and conductivity functions. Particular attention is paid to the functional division of the nervous system, namely the somatic (controlling voluntary movements) and vegetative (regulating the work of internal organs) systems. The relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the vegetative nervous system and their importance in maintaining homeostasis are scientifically substantiated. This material is intended for biology students, medical workers and a wide range of readers interested in human physiology. The information presented in it serves as a theoretical basis for understanding the causes of diseases related to the nervous system and their prevention.本文详细阐述了人体最复杂且最重要的调控系统——神经系统（nervous system）的解剖结构与生理机制。神经系统是将人体所有器官与系统的活动整合为统一整体、维持机体内稳态（homeostasis），并保障机体适应外环境变化的核心调控体系。本文主体部分剖析了作为神经系统结构基本单位的神经元（neurons）的特异性属性，及其兴奋性与传导功能。文中着重探讨了神经系统的功能分区，即支配随意运动的躯体神经系统（somatic nervous system），以及调节内脏活动的自主神经系统（vegetative nervous system）。同时从科学维度论证了自主神经系统中交感部分（sympathetic part）与副交感部分（parasympathetic part）的相互关系，及其在维持机体内稳态中的重要作用。本资料面向生物学专业学生、医务工作者，以及所有关注人体生理学的广大读者，文中所呈现的信息可为理解神经系统相关疾病的病因与预防策略提供坚实的理论基础。