Supplementary Material for: The Exosomal MicroRNA Profile Is Responsible for the Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Transplantation-Induced Improvement of Functional Recovery after Stroke in Rats

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The mechanism through which mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) enhance functional recovery in experimental models of stroke remains to be elucidated. This study was carried out to determine the microRNA (miRNA) profile elicited in response to MSC transplantation after stroke. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This was an in vivo study on the effect of MSC transplantation on the exosomal miRNA profile in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced stroke. Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to MCAO surgery (model group), and half received a transplantation of MSCs (model + MSC group) isolated from rat bone marrow. A sham-operated group (Sham) was included as a control. After 7 days, the volume of the brain lesion and severity of the functional impairments were measured. Exosomes were isolated from blood plasma samples for miRNA transcriptome analysis by Illumina sequencing. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The MCAO surgery successfully induced infarcts and neurological deficits in the rats, whereas the MSC transplantation significantly repaired these impairments. Illumina sequencing identified 764 known miRNAs, including 135 that were differentially expressed in common between the model + MSC and model, model and Sham, and model + MSC and Sham groups, respectively. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that the target genes of these miRNAs were associated with biological processes relevant to learning or memory and the development of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Pathway enrichment analysis identified a cluster of miRNAs (e.g., rno-miR-19b-3p, rno-miR-204-3p, rno-miR-125a-5p, rno-miR-672-3p, and rno-miR-667-3p) to be significantly related to the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription, mechanistic target of rapamycin, phosphoinositide 3-kinases–Akt, and insulin signaling pathways via their control of their gene targets. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> We confirmed that MSC transplantation repaired stroke-induced functional impairments in rats by regulating various pathways associated with nervous system protection and MSC differentiation through the deregulation of exosomal miRNAs.

**引言：** 间充质基质细胞（mesenchymal stromal cells，MSCs）改善脑卒中实验模型中功能恢复的具体机制，目前仍有待阐明。本研究旨在探究脑卒中后接受MSCs移植所诱导的微小RNA（microRNA，miRNA）表达谱。
**方法：** 本研究为体内实验，探究MSCs移植对大脑中动脉闭塞（middle cerebral artery occlusion，MCAO）诱导的脑卒中大鼠模型中外泌体miRNA表达谱的影响。将18只雄性斯普拉格-道利（Sprague-Dawley）大鼠实施MCAO手术以构建模型（模型组），其中半数接受从大鼠骨髓中分离的MSCs移植（模型+MSCs组）；另设假手术组（Sham组）作为对照。术后7天，检测各组大鼠的脑梗死体积与功能损伤严重程度；从血浆样本中分离外泌体，采用Illumina测序技术开展miRNA转录组分析。
**结果：** MCAO手术成功在大鼠体内诱导出脑梗死与神经功能缺损，而MSCs移植则显著改善了上述损伤。Illumina测序共鉴定出764个已知miRNA，其中135个在模型+MSCs组与模型组、模型组与假手术组、模型+MSCs组与假手术组的两两比较中均存在差异表达。基因本体（Gene Ontology）富集分析结果显示，这些miRNA的靶基因参与的生物学过程与学习记忆、中枢及周围神经系统发育密切相关。通路富集分析显示，一组miRNA（如rno-miR-19b-3p、rno-miR-204-3p、rno-miR-125a-5p、rno-miR-672-3p及rno-miR-667-3p）通过调控靶基因，分别与贾纳斯激酶-信号转导与转录激活因子（Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription，JAK-STAT）通路、雷帕霉素机制性靶标（mechanistic target of rapamycin，mTOR）通路、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶-Akt（phosphoinositide 3-kinases–Akt，PI3K-Akt）通路及胰岛素信号通路显著相关。
**结论：** 本研究证实，MSCs移植可通过调控外泌体miRNA的表达失调，改变一系列与神经系统保护及MSCs分化相关的通路，从而改善脑卒中诱导的大鼠功能损伤。