Key environmental behaviors and pollution control strategies of tire wear particles in aquatic environments

Tire wear particles （TWPs）， as emerging pollutants， constitute the dominant type of microplastics （MPs） in urban stormwater runoff. They are characterized by their small size， high mobility， complex composition， and significant toxicity. Current research on TWPs remains fragmented， lacking a comprehensive and coherent understanding—particularly regarding their key environmental behaviors and pollution control strategies in aquatic environments. This paper systematically analyzes the enrichment and vectoring roles of TWPs for coexisting pollutants， along with their environmental fate. It summarizes their ecotoxicological impacts， detection methodologies， the release of intrinsic additives， and their aggregation and sedimentation processes in water bodies. Drawing on insights from studies of other microplastic contaminants， the paper explores existing control technologies for TWPs across the entire pollution pathway， from source， through transport， to terminal treatment， and proposes feasible management strategies under current conditions. Future research should focus on： 1） elucidating the processes and key influencing factors of both homogeneous and heterogeneous aggregation of TWPs under real aquatic conditions； 2） examining the release extent and mechanisms of various intrinsic additives from TWPs in natural water environments； 3） evaluating the long-term performance of treatment facilities such as constructed wetlands under continuous TWPs exposure； 4） investigating the mechanisms of enzymatic degradation of TWPs； 5） integrating emerging technologies， including artificial intelligence （AI）， big data， and the Internet of Things （IoT）， to develop cost-effective detection and remediation techniques. Additionally， constructing models for TWPs release and migration is essential for assessing environmental risks.