"Les noms de sémantique et de polysémie". Mutamenti semantici e ristrutturazioni lessicali nel passaggio dal latino alle lingue romanze

Following different paths, Arsène Darmesteter and Michel Bréal formalize the notions of sémantique and polysémie. Bréal's Essai de sémantique (1897) - in which semantics is set up as an autonomous discipline, independent of etymology, lexicography and even rhetoric - can be seen as a systematization of the emancipation of polysemy as the autonomous science of the meanings of the words - a theory proposed by Darmesteter in La vie des mots (1887). Bréal and Darmesteter share the common point of view of anti-etymologist polysemic multiplication of the meanings of a word, while they disagree on the adoption of the speaker's point of view. Starting from the pre-existent connection in the two authors between polysemy and semantics, aimed at identifying the polysemic factor as a mediating factor in the relationship between etymological and synonymic instances, I intend to analyze the productivity of this connection in the semantic dynamics related to the transition from Latin to Romance languages. In particular, I focused my attention on the following different instances: the enrichment and loss of lexemes; the transfers, extensions or generalizations, reductions or specializations; the rework in the relationship between signifiers and meanings, both for similarity (metaphors) and contiguity (metonymies); shift due to taboo; the restructuring of the semantic fields, with particular attention to the semantic field of colors and of numbers; the resemanticization by re-motivation of meaning (folk etymology).

阿尔塞纳·达尔梅斯特（Arsène Darmesteter）与米歇尔·布雷亚尔（Michel Bréal）循着各自的研究路径，分别将语义学（semantics）与多义性（polysemy）的概念正式系统化。布雷亚尔的《语义学试论》（*Essai de sémantique*，1897）将语义学构建为一门独立于词源学（etymology）、词典学（lexicography）乃至修辞学（rhetoric）的自主学科，该著作可被视为将多义性研究解放为一门阐释词语意义的自主科学的系统化工作——而这一理论最早由达尔梅斯特在《词语的生命》（*La vie des mots*，1887）中提出。布雷亚尔与达尔梅斯特秉持共同的反词源学立场，认可词语意义的多义增殖现象，但在是否应采用说话者视角这一问题上存在分歧。本文以两位作者既有的多义性与语义学关联为研究起点，该关联旨在将多义性因素定位为词源学实例与同义现象之间关系的中介因素，旨在分析这一关联在拉丁语向罗曼语族语言过渡的语义动态中的阐释效能。具体而言，本文聚焦于以下若干维度：词位（lexeme）的丰富与流失；词义的转移、扩展泛化、收窄特化；能指与所指关系的重塑，涵盖基于相似性的隐喻（metaphor）与基于邻近性的转喻（metonymy）；因禁忌引发的词义转移；语义场的重构，其中特别关注颜色与数字语义场；以及通过重新赋予意义理据（即民俗词源学（folk etymology））实现的再语义化（resemanticization）。