Citizens' Opinion: Parliamentary Election Surveys 2023

The study charted the respondents' political attitudes, voting behaviour and views on the 2023 parliamentary elections. The dataset includes data from six rounds of polling with the same respondents. The data were collected as part of the Citizens' Opinion panel, which is part of The Finnish Research Infrastructure for Public Opinion (FIRIPO). First, the respondent's voting behaviour was surveyed by asking, for example, whether they planned to vote in the 2023 parliamentary elections, and if so, which party they planned to vote for. Those who indicated that they would not be voting were asking about their reasons for doing so (e.g. haven't found a suitable party or candidate, have inadequate information to make a voting decision). Political participation was examined with questions about interest in politics, forms of political participation engaged in (e.g. donating money to a candidate, participating in a peaceful demonstration, participating in a political party's campaign activities), and participation in citizens' initiatives. Next, political attitudes were investigated with a series of statements (e.g. Finnish Members of Parliament are competent at their jobs, I trust my own abilities to take part in politics, by voting ordinary people can have an impact on political decision-making). The respondents' views on current political issues charted with a series of statements (e.g. immigration is mostly a good thing for Finland, Finland should be much more active in the fight against climate change, Russia is a security threat to Finland, public services must be cut to balance the Finnish economy), and they were asked to assess how important various topics in politics (e.g. taxation, minority rights, social and health care, national security and defence) were for them. The respondents were also asked whether they would for or against Finland's NATO membership if they had the chance. Voting choice was surveyed by asking the respondents which factors (e.g. the party's values, the party's activities during the previous parliamentary term) had impacted their choice of political party in the 2023 parliamentary elections. The factors which impacted the respondents' choice of candidate in parliamentary elections (e.g. candidate's trustworthiness, candidate's previous political experience) were also examined. Additionally, the respondents were asked which political parties they would like to see in government after the 2023 parliamentary elections and which political parties they hoped would not be part of the government. Opinions were investigated on each political party in the Finnish parliament and the chairpersons of those parties. The respondents were also asked how they would feel about having a close friend or a colleague that supported each of the political parties in the Finnish parliament, and how they would react if their son or daughter married a supporter of each of the parties in the Finnish parliament. General attitudes towards the supporters of each political party in the Finnish parliaments were charted. Trust in various institutions (e.g. the European Union, the Finnish President, political parties) was measured and satisfaction in democracy in Finland and in the EU was investigated. Satisfaction with the Cabinet led by Prime Minister Sanna Marin, the activities of opposition parties after the 2019 parliamentary elections, the government's approach to the war in Ukraine, and the government's approach to the COVID-19 pandemic were surveyed. The respondents were asked whether various areas (e.g. defence, care of the elderly, employment, taxation, minority rights) had improved or worsened since the 2019 parliamentary elections and whether they believed that the changes in those areas were due to the government's actions or caused by other reasons. The respondents were asked how suitable they felt that different political systems (e.g. a democratic political system, a strong leader who does not have to care about the parliament or elections) were as a form of government in Finland. Views on democracy were studied by asking how essential certain factors (e.g. women have the same rights as men, the people elect their leaders in free elections, the media are free to criticise the government) were for democracy. Additionally, the respondents were asked for their opinions on various proposals concerning the future direction of Finland (e.g. Finland should accept fewer refugees, Finland should have a smaller public sector, Finland should have lower taxation even if it weakens public services). Background variables included the respondent's age, gender, highest level of education, economic activity and occupational status, mother tongue, electoral area, and municipality type.

本研究梳理了受访者的政治态度、投票行为以及其对2023年议会选举的看法。本数据集包含针对同一批受访者开展的六轮民调数据，这些数据由隶属于芬兰公众舆论研究基础设施（Finnish Research Infrastructure for Public Opinion, FIRIPO）的公民意见固定样本调研组采集所得。

首先，调研围绕受访者的投票行为展开：例如询问其是否计划参与2023年议会选举，若计划参与则需说明拟投票支持的政党；对于表示不会参与投票的受访者，则询问其不投票的原因，例如未找到契合的政党或候选人、缺乏足够信息以做出投票决策。

政治参与维度通过一系列问题展开调研，涵盖受访者对政治的关注度、参与的政治活动形式（例如向候选人捐款、参与和平示威、参与政党竞选活动）以及公民倡议参与情况。

接下来，研究通过一系列陈述式问题考察政治态度，例如“芬兰议员履职能力合格”“我相信自身具备参与政治的能力”“通过投票，普通民众可对政治决策产生影响”等。

研究通过一系列陈述式问题梳理受访者对当前政治议题的看法，例如“移民对芬兰而言整体是好事”“芬兰应在应对气候变化方面更加积极”“俄罗斯对芬兰构成安全威胁”“必须削减公共服务以平衡芬兰财政”等；同时要求受访者评估各类政治议题（例如税收、少数群体权利、社会与医疗保健、国家安全与防务）对自身的重要程度。此外，受访者还被问及若有机会，他们会支持还是反对芬兰加入北约。

针对投票选择，调研询问受访者在2023年议会选举中影响其政党选择的因素，例如政党的价值观、政党在上一届议会任期内的作为；同时也考察了影响受访者在议会选举中候选人选择的因素，例如候选人的可信度、候选人过往的政治经历。

此外，受访者还被问及在2023年议会选举后，他们希望哪些政党能够加入执政联盟，以及哪些政党不应参与执政；研究还调研了受访者对芬兰议会各政党及其党首的看法。

受访者还被问及，若拥有一位支持芬兰议会各政党的密友或同事，自身会作何感受；以及若自己的子女与芬兰议会各政党的支持者结婚，自身会作何反应。研究同时梳理了受访者对芬兰议会各政党支持者的整体态度。

调研对受访者在各类机构的信任度进行了测量，包括欧盟、芬兰总统、各政党等，并考察了其对芬兰及欧盟民主制度的满意度。此外，调研还考察了受访者对桑娜·马林（Sanna Marin）总理领导的内阁、2019年议会选举后反对党的作为、政府应对乌克兰危机的举措以及政府应对新冠疫情的措施的满意度。

受访者被问及，自2019年议会选举以来，防务、养老护理、就业、税收、少数群体权利等多个领域的状况是有所改善还是恶化，以及他们认为这些领域的变化是源于政府的举措还是其他因素。

受访者还被问及，他们认为不同的政治体制（例如民主政治体制、无需顾及议会或选举的强势领导人体制）作为芬兰的治理形式是否合适。针对民主观念的研究，通过询问受访者若干因素对民主的重要程度展开，例如“女性与男性享有同等权利”“民众通过自由选举选出领导人”“媒体可自由批评政府”等。

此外，受访者还被问及对芬兰未来发展方向相关的若干提案的看法，例如“芬兰应接收更少难民”“芬兰应缩减公共部门规模”“即便会削弱公共服务，芬兰也应降低税收”等。

本数据集的背景变量涵盖受访者的年龄、性别、最高学历、经济活动与职业状况、母语、选举选区以及市政类型。