Labour Force Survey Five-Quarter Longitudinal Dataset, October 2019 - December 2020

<P>Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.</P><p><b>Background</b><br>
The <i>Labour Force Survey</i> (LFS) is a unique source of information using international definitions of employment and unemployment and economic inactivity, together with a wide range of related topics such as occupation, training, hours of work and personal characteristics of household members aged 16 years and over. It is used to inform social, economic and employment policy. The LFS was first conducted biennially from 1973-1983. Between 1984 and 1991 the survey was carried out annually and consisted of a quarterly survey conducted throughout the year and a 'boost' survey in the spring quarter (data were then collected seasonally). From 1992 quarterly data were made available, with a quarterly sample size approximately equivalent to that of the previous annual data. The survey then became known as the <i>Quarterly Labour Force Survey</i> (QLFS). From December 1994, data gathering for Northern Ireland moved to a full quarterly cycle to match the rest of the country, so the QLFS then covered the whole of the UK (though some additional annual Northern Ireland LFS datasets are also held at the UK Data Archive). Further information on the background to the QLFS may be found in the documentation.<br>
<br>
<b>Longitudinal data</b><br>
The LFS retains each sample household for five consecutive quarters, with a fifth of the sample replaced each quarter. The main survey was designed to produce cross-sectional data, but the data on each individual have now been linked together to provide longitudinal information. The longitudinal data comprise two types of linked datasets, created using the weighting method to adjust for non-response bias. The two-quarter datasets link data from two consecutive waves, while the five-quarter datasets link across a whole year (for example January 2010 to March 2011 inclusive) and contain data from all five waves. A full series of longitudinal data has been produced, going back to winter 1992. Linking together records to create a longitudinal dimension can, for example, provide information on gross flows over time between different labour force categories (employed, unemployed and economically inactive). This will provide detail about people who have moved between the categories. Also, longitudinal information is useful in monitoring the effects of government policies and can be used to follow the subsequent activities and circumstances of people affected by specific policy initiatives, and to compare them with other groups in the population. There are however methodological problems which could distort the data resulting from this longitudinal linking. The ONS continues to research these issues and advises that the presentation of results should be carefully considered, and warnings should be included with outputs where necessary.<br><br>
<b>LFS Documentation</b><br>
The documentation available from the Archive to accompany LFS datasets largely consists of the latest version of each user guide volume alongside the appropriate questionnaire for the year concerned. However, volumes are updated periodically by ONS, so users are advised to check the latest documents on the ONS <a href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/methodologies/labourforcesurveyuserguidance" title="Labour Force Survey - User Guidance" target="_blank">Labour Force Survey - User Guidance</a> pages before commencing analysis. <b>This is especially important for users of older QLFS studies, where information and guidance in the user guide documents may have changed over time.</b><br></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Occupation data for 2021 and 2022 data files</span><br></p><p>The ONS has identified an issue with the collection of some occupational data in 2021 and 2022 data files in a number of their surveys. While they estimate any impacts will be small overall, this will affect the accuracy of the breakdowns of some detailed (four-digit Standard Occupational Classification (SOC)) occupations, and data derived from them. Further information can be found in the ONS article published on 11 July 2023:&nbsp;<a title="Revision of miscoded occupational data in the ONS Labour Force Survey, UK: January 2021 to September 2022" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/articles/revisionofmiscodedoccupationaldataintheonslabourforcesurveyuk/january2021toseptember2022" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Revision of miscoded occupational data in the ONS Labour Force Survey, UK: January 2021 to September 2022</a>.</p><p><span style="font-weight: bold;">2022 Weighting</span></p><p>The population totals used for the latest LFS estimates use projected growth rates from Real Time Information (RTI) data for UK, EU and non-EU populations based on 2021 patterns. The total population used for the LFS therefore does not take into account any changes in migration, birth rates, death rates, and so on since June 2021, and hence levels estimates may be under- or over-estimating the true values and should be used with caution. Estimates of rates will, however, be robust.</p><br><p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Latest edition information</span></p><p>For the third edition (February 2023), the 2022 longitudinal weight has been added to the study.</p><br><B>Main Topics</B>:<BR>The five-quarter longitudinal datasets include a subset of the most commonly used variables from the <i>Quarterly Labour Force Survey</i> (QLFS), covering the main areas of the survey.

本摘要版权归英国数据服务中心（UK Data Service）及数据采集版权所有者所有。

<b>背景</b><br>
劳动力调查（Labour Force Survey, LFS）是采用国际通用的就业、失业及经济活动参与率定义的独特信息来源，同时涵盖职业、培训、工作时长以及16岁及以上家庭成员个人特征等广泛相关主题，其数据可用于为社会、经济与就业政策制定提供参考。该调查于1973年至1983年首次每两年开展一次；1984年至1991年转为年度调查，包含全年开展的季度调查与春季季度的“补充”调查（此后数据按季度采集）；1992年起提供季度数据，季度样本量大致等同于此前年度调查的样本规模，该调查自此更名为<b>季度劳动力调查（Quarterly Labour Force Survey, QLFS）</b>。1994年12月起，北爱尔兰的数据采集转为完整的季度周期，与英国其他地区保持一致，自此QLFS覆盖全英国（不过英国数据档案馆仍存有部分额外的北爱尔兰LFS年度数据集）。更多关于QLFS背景的信息可查阅相关文档。

<b>纵向数据</b><br>
LFS会将每个样本家庭保留连续五个季度，每季度替换五分之一的样本。主调查最初设计用于生成截面数据，但现已将每位受访者的数据进行关联，以提供纵向信息。纵向数据包含两类通过加权方法调整无回应偏差的关联数据集：两类季度数据集关联连续两轮调查的数据，而五类季度数据集则覆盖一整年（例如2010年1月至2011年3月，含首尾月份），包含全部五轮调查的数据。完整的纵向数据序列可追溯至1992年冬季。通过关联记录构建纵向维度，例如可提供不同劳动力市场分类（就业、失业及经济非活动状态）间随时间变化的总流动信息，以此展示在各类别间流动的人群细节。此外，纵向信息有助于监测政府政策的实施效果，可用于追踪受特定政策举措影响人群的后续活动与境况，并与其他人口群体进行对比。不过，这种纵向关联可能会产生方法学层面的问题，从而扭曲数据结果。英国国家统计局（Office for National Statistics, ONS）仍在持续研究此类问题，并建议在呈现结果时需谨慎考量，必要时需在输出结果中附带警示说明。

<b>LFS文档</b><br>
档案馆配套LFS数据集的文档，主要包含各年度对应问卷的最新版用户指南手册。不过英国国家统计局会定期更新手册内容，因此建议用户在开展分析前，先前往英国国家统计局的<a href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/methodologies/labourforcesurveyuserguidance" title="Labour Force Survey - User Guidance" target="_blank">劳动力调查用户指南</a>页面查阅最新文档。这一点对于使用早期QLFS数据集的用户尤为重要，因为用户指南中的信息与指引可能已随时间发生变化。

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">2021年与2022年数据文件的职业数据</span><br></p>
英国国家统计局发现，其多项调查在2021年与2022年的数据文件中存在部分职业数据采集问题。尽管评估显示整体影响较小，但这会影响部分细分（四位标准职业分类（Standard Occupational Classification, SOC））职业的分类准确性，以及由此衍生的相关数据。更多详细信息可参阅英国国家统计局2023年7月11日发布的文章：<a title="Revision of miscoded occupational data in the ONS Labour Force Survey, UK: January 2021 to September 2022" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/articles/revisionofmiscodedoccupationaldataintheonslabourforcesurveyuk/january2021toseptember2022">《英国劳动力调查中错误编码职业数据的修订：2021年1月至2022年9月》</a>。

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">2022年加权处理</span></p>
最新LFS估算所使用的人口总数，基于2021年的模式，采用英国、欧盟及非欧盟人口的实时信息（Real Time Information, RTI）数据预测增长率。因此，LFS所使用的总人口未考虑2021年6月以来移民、出生率、死亡率等因素的变化，由此得出的水平估算值可能偏高或偏低，使用时需谨慎。不过，相关比率估算值仍具备稳健性。

<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">最新版本信息</span></p>
在2023年2月发布的第三版中，该数据集新增了2022年纵向权重。

<b>主要主题</b>:<br>
五类季度纵向数据集包含了季度劳动力调查（QLFS）中最常用的变量子集，覆盖了该调查的核心领域。