Table1_Exploring the effect of automation failure on the human’s trustworthiness in human-agent teamwork.XLSX

Introduction: Collaboration in teams composed of both humans and automation has an interdependent nature, which demands calibrated trust among all the team members. For building suitable autonomous teammates, we need to study how trust and trustworthiness function in such teams. In particular, automation occasionally fails to do its job, which leads to a decrease in a human’s trust. Research has found interesting effects of such a reduction of trust on the human’s trustworthiness, i.e., human characteristics that make them more or less reliable. This paper investigates how automation failure in a human-automation collaborative scenario affects the human’s trust in the automation, as well as a human’s trustworthiness towards the automation.
Methods: We present a 2 × 2 mixed design experiment in which the participants perform a simulated task in a 2D grid-world, collaborating with an automation in a “moving-out” scenario. During the experiment, we measure the participants’ trustworthiness, trust, and liking regarding the automation, both subjectively and objectively.
Results: Our results show that automation failure negatively affects the human’s trustworthiness, as well as their trust in and liking of the automation.
Discussion: Learning the effects of automation failure in trust and trustworthiness can contribute to a better understanding of the nature and dynamics of trust in these teams and improving human-automation teamwork.

引言：人机协同团队的协作具有相互依存的本质，要求所有团队成员间建立校准后的信任（calibrated trust）。为构建适配的自主协作伙伴，我们需要研究此类团队中信任与可信性的运作机制。具体而言，自动化系统偶尔会无法完成既定任务，导致人类对其信任度下降。已有研究发现，此类信任降低会对人类的可信性产生有趣的影响——即影响人类可靠程度的个体特质。本研究旨在探究人机协同场景下的自动化失效，如何影响人类对自动化系统的信任，以及人类对自动化系统的可信性。
方法：本研究采用2×2混合设计实验范式，让被试在二维网格世界（2D grid-world）中完成模拟任务，于「移出」场景下与自动化系统协同协作。实验过程中，我们从主观与客观两个维度，测量被试对自动化系统的可信性、信任度及好感度。
结果：实验结果表明，自动化失效会对人类的可信性、以及人类对自动化系统的信任与好感度产生负面影响。
讨论：明晰自动化失效对信任与可信性的影响，有助于我们更深入地理解此类团队中信任的本质与动态变化规律，并推动人机协同团队协作的优化。