Community Radio Licensing and Political Patronage in Brazil: An Empirical Analysis (datasets)

1) f_parliamentary_names_official_letters.csvDuring the process of collecting data for the article, an extensive dataset was compiled, encompassing information on all federal deputies and senators from the 51st to the 55th legislatures (1999-2018) in Brazil. This dataset also includes the protocol numbers of all official letters sent to the Ministry of Communications. The parliamentary names dataset was assembled using official data obtained from the Brazilian Senate and Chamber of Deputies in July 2016, sourced from their respective websites (www.camara.leg.br and www.senado.leg.br). Furthermore, data on official letters was collected from the "Track Your Process" System between July and December 2016, using parliamentary names as keyword search terms. Originally designed for broadcasters, this system granted extensive access to documents submitted to the Ministry of Communications since the 1980s. It can still be found online under the name "Process Consultation System - SCP" at http://sistema.mctic.gov.br/SCPWeb/pages/externo/consultar-processo.jsf. Snapshots of the system have been preserved by the Wayback Machine initiative of the Internet Archive and are accessible at https://web.archive.org/web/20230511112128/http://sistema.mctic.gov.br/SCPWeb/pages/externo/consultar-processo.jsf.Within the dataset's spreadsheet, column A represents the variable "parliamentary name" and contains the names of all federal deputies and senators from the 51st to the 55th legislatures (1999-2018) in Brazil. Columns B through HX display the variable "official letters protocol numbers" registered by each federal deputy or senator listed in column A. These columns provide an extensive record of the official correspondence between parliamentarians and the Ministry of Communications, facilitating a detailed analysis of their communications over the specified period.This dataset is provided in CSV (Comma Separated Values) format. CSV files can be opened and manipulated using a variety of programs and software, such as Microsoft Excel, LibreOffice Calc, Google Sheets, and other spreadsheet applications. Moreover, CSV files can be imported into various data analysis software and programming languages, including R, Python, and SQL.2) f_official_letters_sponsors.csvThe dataset used to support the findings of the article relates to community radio broadcasting authorization processes and was collected from official records provided by the Ministry of Communication. To access this data, a formal request was submitted under the Brazilian Freedom of Information Act on September 17, 2018, with the protocol number 01390.001771/2018-78. The Ministry of Communications subsequently supplied the requested data on September 28, 2018. This data was then cross-referenced with information gathered from 9,179 processes registered in the Ministry of Communications under the names of parliamentarians from the 51st to the 55th legislatures (1999-2018), as detailed in the file f_parliamentary_names_official_letters.csv. Through this process, we identified 4,258 protocols related to requests for information, expedited processing, reactivation, or pending documentation referrals concerning at least one community radio broadcasting authorization process. Finally, we connected the requests made by deputies and senators to their respective licensing processes.The spreadsheet for the second dataset is organized as follows: Column A displays the variable "home State" of the entity applying for a community radio license, while Column B presents the "home city" of the entity submitting the application. Column C reveals the status of the licensing process as of September 2018; for a better understanding of what each variable in Column C signifies, consult the file f_key_status. Column D contains the name of the entity that applied for a community radio license.In Columns E through S, the names of the federal deputy or senator who sponsored the entity's application are listed, along with the protocol number of each official letter they submitted in support of the application. Column T provides the licensing process protocol number for each entity, and Column U displays the number of the call for qualification under which each entity applied for a community radio license.This dataset is provided in CSV (Comma Separated Values) format. The CSV file can be opened and manipulated using a variety of programs and software, such as Microsoft Excel, LibreOffice Calc, Google Sheets, and other spreadsheet applications. Additionally, CSV files can be imported into various data analysis software and programming languages, including R, Python, and SQL.3) f_processes_coded_with_controls.csvUpon finalizing the previous databases (f_parliamentary_names_official_letters.csv and f_official_letters_sponsors.csv), the requests made by deputies and senators were linked to their respective licensing processes. During this stage, 414 out of 17,841 licensing processes were removed from the sample, as they were ongoing and lacked a final decision from public authorities. Additionally, five processes were excluded due to inconsistencies in the names of entities and protocol numbers, which impeded the collection of further data necessary for classification and controls.Out of the initial 17,841 community radio broadcasting licensing processes in the sample, 17,422 were retained and divided into four groups: sponsored processes that were approved (1,519), sponsored processes that were denied (1,667), unsponsored processes that were approved (3,169), and unsponsored processes that were denied (11,067). This categorization was achieved by examining the status of each process in the sample and cross-referencing it with information regarding sponsorship for each process.The spreadsheet for this dataset is organized as follows: Column A presents the variable "home State" of the entity that applied for a community radio license, and Column B displays the "home city" of the entity that submitted the application. Column C indicates the Brazilian region in which the entity is located, with abbreviations representing the five regions: NORTE (North), NORDESTE (Northeast), CENTRO-OESTE (Center-West), SUDESTE (Southeast), and SUL (South). Column D reveals the status of the licensing process as of September 2018; for a better understanding of each variable in Column C, consult the file f_key_status.Column E contains the name of the entity that applied for a community radio license. Columns F and G indicate the number of the call for qualification under which each entity applied for a community radio license and the date of the publication of the call for qualification, respectively. Column H provides a simplified version of Column D, with the final decision taken by the Ministry of Communication displayed as a binary variable: APROVADO (Approved) and ARQUIVADO (Denied).Column I presents the core codification for this research, displaying the four categories used for process analysis: APROVACP (sponsored process that was approved), ARQUIVSP (unsponsored process that was denied), ARQUIVCP (sponsored process that was denied), and APROVASP (unsponsored processes that were approved). Column J offers a simplified version of Column I, translated into a binary variable to indicate whether the process was sponsored or not, with S representing Yes and N representing No.Column K indicates the government that ultimately approved or denied the process, with three possible values: FHC (President Fernando Henrique Cardoso), LULA (President Luis Inacio Lula da Silva), and DILMA (President Dilma Rousseff). Finally, Column L translates the region information into a binary code to indicate if the entity is located in the North or in Northeast regions (value S, meaning Yes), or if it is not located in the North or in Northeast regions (value N, meaning No).This dataset is provided in CSV (Comma Separated Values) format. The CSV file can be opened and manipulated using a variety of programs and software, such as Microsoft Excel, LibreOffice Calc, Google Sheets, and other spreadsheet applications. Additionally, CSV files can be imported into various data analysis software and programming languages, including R, Python, and SQL.4) f_key_status.csvThis dataset serves as a key to better understand the various statuses of community radio broadcasting licensing processes as of September 2018, as provided by the Brazilian Ministry of Communications. The dataset's Portuguese sections were supplied by the Ministry of Communications as an annex to a dataset that the agency delivered in response to a formal request made under the Brazilian Freedom of Information Act on September 17th, 2018, bearing the protocol number 01390.001771/2018-78. The Ministry of Communications then provided the requested data on September 28th, 2018. The English translations were completed by the author.The spreadsheet for this dataset is organized as follows: Column A displays the abbreviations for the license process statuses, as provided by the Brazilian Ministry of Communications and reproduced in the f_official_letters_sponsors.csv and f_processes_coded_with_controls.csv datasets. Column B presents a short meaning in Portuguese for each abbreviation. Column C contains a more detailed, long meaning in Portuguese for each abbreviation. Finally, Column D provides the long meaning in English, translated from the long meaning in Portuguese by the author.This dataset is provided in CSV (Comma Separated Values) format. The CSV file can be opened and manipulated using a variety of programs and software, such as Microsoft Excel, LibreOffice Calc, Google Sheets, and other spreadsheet applications. Additionally, CSV files can be imported into various data analysis software and programming languages, including R, Python, and SQL.

1) **f_parliamentary_names_official_letters.csv**
本文在论文数据采集阶段构建了一套综合性数据集，涵盖1999年至2018年间巴西第51至第55届议会的全体联邦众议员与参议员信息，同时收录了所有寄送至巴西通信部（Ministry of Communications）的官方信函的协议编号。
该议员姓名数据集源自2016年7月巴西参议院与众议院官方公开数据，采集自其官方网站（www.camara.leg.br 与 www.senado.leg.br）。此外，官方信函数据采集自2016年7月至12月期间的“流程追踪系统”（Track Your Process System），采集时以议员姓名作为关键词进行检索。该系统最初面向广播机构开放，可获取1980年代以来提交至通信部的全部文档，目前仍可通过名称为“流程咨询系统——SCP”的在线地址访问：http://sistema.mctic.gov.br/SCPWeb/pages/externo/consultar-processo.jsf。互联网档案馆（Internet Archive）的Wayback Machine项目已留存该系统的快照，可通过以下链接访问：https://web.archive.org/web/20230511112128/http://sistema.mctic.gov.br/SCPWeb/pages/externo/consultar-processo.jsf。
本数据集的电子表格中，A列为变量“议员姓名”，包含1999年至2018年巴西第51至第55届议会的全体联邦众议员与参议员姓名。B列至HX列为变量“官方信函协议编号”，对应A列中每位联邦众议员或参议员所登记的官方信函协议编号。这些列完整记录了议会成员与通信部之间的官方往来函件，可支撑指定时段内双方通信情况的精细化分析。
本数据集以CSV（逗号分隔值，Comma Separated Values）格式提供，可通过Microsoft Excel、LibreOffice Calc、Google Sheets等多款电子表格软件打开与编辑，同时可导入R、Python、SQL等各类数据分析软件与编程语言进行处理。

2) **f_official_letters_sponsors.csv**
支撑本文研究发现的数据集与社区广播电台授权审批流程相关，数据源自巴西通信部提供的官方档案。研究团队于2018年9月17日依据巴西《信息自由法》提交正式数据申请，申请协议编号为01390.001771/2018-78。通信部于2018年9月28日提供了申请所需的数据。
随后，研究团队将该数据与f_parliamentary_names_official_letters.csv文件中收录的1999年至2018年间第51至第55届议会议员名下登记的9179条通信部流程信息进行交叉比对，最终识别出4258条与社区广播电台授权审批流程相关的协议编号，涉及信息查询、流程加速、资质重新激活或待补充材料提交等申请。最后，研究团队将议员提交的相关申请与其对应的审批流程进行关联。
本数据集的电子表格结构如下：A列为申请社区广播电台许可的实体的“所属州”；B列为申请实体的“所属城市”；C列为截至2018年9月的审批流程状态，若需了解C列各变量的具体含义，请参考文件f_key_status；D列为申请社区广播电台许可的实体名称。
E列至S列依次列出赞助该申请的联邦众议员或参议员姓名，以及其为支持该申请所提交的每封官方信函的协议编号；T列为各实体对应的审批流程协议编号；U列为各实体申请社区广播电台许可所依据的资质招募公告编号。
本数据集以CSV（逗号分隔值，Comma Separated Values）格式提供，可通过Microsoft Excel、LibreOffice Calc、Google Sheets等多款电子表格软件打开与编辑，同时可导入R、Python、SQL等各类数据分析软件与编程语言进行处理。

3) **f_processes_coded_with_controls.csv**
在完成前两个数据库（f_parliamentary_names_official_letters.csv与f_official_letters_sponsors.csv）的构建后，研究团队将议员提交的申请与其对应的审批流程进行关联。此阶段中，17841个社区广播电台审批流程中的414个因处于待审核状态、缺乏公共机构最终裁定结果被移除样本；另有5个流程因实体名称与协议编号存在不一致，无法完成分类与质控所需的进一步数据采集而被排除。
初始样本中共计17841个社区广播电台审批流程，最终保留17422个，并分为四类：获得赞助且获批的流程（1519个）、获得赞助但被驳回的流程（1667个）、未获得赞助且获批的流程（3169个）以及未获得赞助且被驳回的流程（11067个）。该分类通过核查样本中各流程的状态，并与各流程的赞助信息交叉比对完成。
本数据集的电子表格结构如下：A列为申请社区广播电台许可的实体的“所属州”；B列为申请实体的“所属城市”；C列为实体所在的巴西区域，采用缩写标识五大区域：NORTE（北部）、NORDESTE（东北部）、CENTRO-OESTE（中西部）、SUDESTE（东南部）以及SUL（南部）；D列为截至2018年9月的审批流程状态，若需了解C列各变量的具体含义，请参考文件f_key_status。
E列为申请社区广播电台许可的实体名称；F列与G列分别为各实体申请社区广播电台许可所依据的资质招募公告编号，以及该公告的发布日期；H列为D列的简化版本，以二进制变量展示通信部的最终裁定结果：APROVADO（获批）与ARQUIVADO（驳回）。
I列为本研究的核心编码变量，展示用于流程分析的四大类别：APROVACP（获得赞助且获批的流程）、ARQUIVSP（未获得赞助且被驳回的流程）、ARQUIVCP（获得赞助且被驳回的流程）以及APROVASP（未获得赞助且获批的流程）；J列为I列的简化版本，转换为二进制变量以标识流程是否获得赞助，其中S代表“是”，N代表“否”。
K列为最终做出审批裁定的政府届次，包含三种可能取值：FHC（费尔南多·恩里克·卡多佐（Fernando Henrique Cardoso）总统任期）、LULA（路易斯·伊纳西奥·卢拉·达席尔瓦（Luis Inacio Lula da Silva）总统任期）以及DILMA（迪尔玛·罗塞夫（Dilma Rousseff）总统任期）。最后，L列将区域信息转换为二进制编码，用于标识实体是否位于北部或东北部区域（取值为S即“是”），或不属于北部、东北部区域（取值为N即“否”）。
本数据集以CSV（逗号分隔值，Comma Separated Values）格式提供，可通过Microsoft Excel、LibreOffice Calc、Google Sheets等多款电子表格软件打开与编辑，同时可导入R、Python、SQL等各类数据分析软件与编程语言进行处理。

4) **f_key_status.csv**
本数据集为辅助理解2018年9月社区广播电台审批流程各类状态的说明手册，数据源自巴西通信部提供的官方信息。本数据集的葡萄牙语文本由通信部作为附件提供，随2018年9月17日依据巴西《信息自由法》提交的、协议编号为01390.001771/2018-78的数据申请一同交付，通信部于2018年9月28日提供了完整的申请数据。英文译本由本文作者完成。
本数据集的电子表格结构如下：A列为巴西通信部提供的审批流程状态缩写，该缩写已在f_official_letters_sponsors.csv与f_processes_coded_with_controls.csv数据集中使用；B列为各缩写对应的葡萄牙语简短释义；C列为各缩写对应的葡萄牙语详细释义；D列为从葡萄牙语详细释义翻译而来的英文详细释义。
本数据集以CSV（逗号分隔值，Comma Separated Values）格式提供，可通过Microsoft Excel、LibreOffice Calc、Google Sheets等多款电子表格软件打开与编辑，同时可导入R、Python、SQL等各类数据分析软件与编程语言进行处理。