Impulse responses from Finnish rock art sites

This dataset contains a selection of impulse responses (102) collected from prehistoric rock art sites in Finland, reference sites located near them, and prehistoric settlement sites. The dataset serves as supplementary material for the article ‘Reflected Encounters at Hunter-Gatherer Rock Art Sites by the Water’, authored by R. Rainio, J. Shpinitskaya, P. Rinkkala, J. Pekkanen, P. Kesäniemi, and M. Ojanen. Data collection objectives and methods are discussed in detail in the article. The work was part of the Academy of Finland funded project ‘Acoustics and auditory culture at hunter-gatherer rock art sites in Northern Europe, Siberia and North America’ (2018–2023) at the University of Helsinki.

See: https://www.helsinki.fi/en/researchgroups/acoustics-of-sacred-sites

Each wav file contains one impulse response recorded with a Neumann KM183 omnidirectional condenser pressure microphone and a Zoom F8 or H6 portable audio recorder (96-kHz sampling rate and 24-bit depth). Either the ‘pop’ sound of a 40 cm diameter latex balloon or a 10-second logarithmic sine sweep serves as the excitation signal. The file name indicates the following information:

- name of the site

- type of the site (rock art site / reference site / settlement site)

- distance of the recording location from the painted or reference rock (m)

- time of recording (winter [-12 to +2° C] / summer [+12 to +25° C])

- excitation signal (pop / sweep)

Rock art sites are classified as unchanged or changed in terms of topography and acoustics. The table below lists the studied 37 rock art sites and 6 settlement sites with their key characteristics (height = height of the paintings above the water; category = categorization of the sites into unchanged or changed; distance = distance of a settlement site from the nearest rock art site).

ROCK ART SITE; MUNICIPALITY; FORMATION; HEIGHT (M ) ; CATEGORY; FIELDWORK

Astuvansalmi; Ristiina/Mikkeli; Cliff, shelter; 6.8–11.8; Changed; Summer

Haukkalahdenvuori II; Enonkoski; Cliff; 6.9–7.6; Changed; Summer

Haukkasaari I; Lemi; Cliff; 1.8; Unchanged; Winter

Haukkasaari II; Lemi; Cliff; 1.8; Unchanged; Winter, summer

Ilmuksenvuori; Lemi; Cliff; 1.8–2.8; Unchanged; Summer

Itkonlahti; Mäntyharju; Cliff, pothole; 0.8–1.9; Unchanged; Summer

Julma-Ölkky; Kuusamo; Cliff; 1.3; Unchanged; Winter, summer

Juusjärvi; Kirkkonummi; Cliff; 6.6–8.4; Changed; Winter

Jäniskallio; Espoo; Cliff; 1.8; Unchanged; Winter, summer

Kalamaniemi I; Luumäki; Cliff, recess; 1.6–2.8; Unchanged; Summer

Keltavuori; Lappeenranta; Cliff; 1.5–2.5; Unchanged; Winter, summer

Kivikirkko; Sulkava; Boulder, cave; 11.6–12.3; Changed; Summer

Kolmiköytisienvuori; Ruokolahti; Cliff; 3.5–4.5; Changed; Summer

Lammasjärvi/Fårsjö; Pohja/Raasepori; Cliff; 1.1–2.6; Unchanged; Winter, summer

Luutsalo; Heinävesi; Boulder; 1.6–2.0; Unchanged; Summer

Löppösenluola; Valkeala/Kouvola; Cliff, shelter; 2.3–4.0; Unchanged; Summer

Mertakallio; Iitti; Cliff, recess; 2.6–4.5; Unchanged; Summer

Myllylampi/Myllyoja; Luumäki; Cliff; 4.0; Changed; Summer

Olhavanvuori/Olhavanlampi; Valkeala/Kouvola; Cliff, crevice; 1.5; Unchanged; Summer

Patakallio; Jaala/Kouvola; Cliff, recess, pothole; 1.5; Unchanged; Winter

Rautvuori; Heinola; Cliff; 8.2–9.2; Changed; Summer

Ristniemenvuori I; Miehikkälä; Cliff; 1.6; Unchanged; Winter

Ristniemenvuori II; Miehikkälä; Cliff; 1.6; Unchanged; Winter

Ruominkapia; Lemi; Cliff; 1.0–3.8; Unchanged; Summer

Salmenvuori; Lappeenranta; Cliff; 1.0–3.5; Unchanged; Summer

Salmijärvi/Lautmäki; Vihti; Cliff, shelter; 1.5–2.0; Unchanged; Winter, summer

Siliävuori; Luumäki; Cliff, recess; 1.8–3.0; Unchanged; Winter, summer

Tupavuori; Jaala/Kouvola; Cliff; 3.0; Changed; Summer

Ukonvuori; Enonkoski; Cliff, shelter; 10.0; Changed; Summer

Vaskivuori A; Luumäki; Cliff; 1.0; Unchanged; Winter, Summer

Vaskivuori C; Luumäki; Cliff; 1.0–1.8; Unchanged; Winter

Verijärvi; Mikkeli; Cliff; 1.4–2.2; Unchanged; Summer

Verla; Valkeala/Kouvola; Cliff; 0.5–1.5; Unchanged; Winter

Viherinkoski A; Joutsa; Boulder; 2.7 trees grown around; Changed; Summer

Viherinkoski B; Joutsa; Cliff; 2.2–3.0; Unchanged; Summer

Väinönkallio/Leveälahti; Asikkala; Cliff; 4.0–5.5; Changed; Summer

Värikallio; Suomussalmi; Cliff; 0.2–2.5; Unchanged; Winter, summer

SETTLEMENT SITE; MUNICIPALITY; TERRAIN; DISTANCE (M); CATEGORY; FIELDWORK

Huopaisenvirta II; Luumäki; Beach; 3 050; Changed: road; Summer

Jängynjärvi-Vuossaarentie; Lappeenranta; Marshy beach; 1 500; Unchanged; Summer

Keidas; Iitti; Beach; 8 700; Unchanged; Summer

Kesälampi; Lappeenranta; Marshy beach; 1 150; Unchanged; Summer

Muikkupuro; Suomussalmi; Beach; 5 500; Unchanged; Summer

Rantanen Suurpelto; Luumäki; Beach; 900; Changed: fields; Winter

本数据集收录了102段脉冲响应（impulse response），采集自芬兰境内的史前岩画遗址、其邻近的参照遗址，以及史前定居点遗址。本数据集为R. Rainio、J. Shpinitskaya、P. Rinkkala、J. Pekkanen、P. Kesäniemi与M. Ojanen合著的论文《临水狩猎采集者（Hunter-Gatherer）岩画遗址的反射性相遇》（Reflected Encounters at Hunter-Gatherer Rock Art Sites by the Water）的补充材料。该数据集的采集目标与方法已在论文中详细阐述。本研究工作是赫尔辛基大学（University of Helsinki）承担的芬兰科学院（Academy of Finland）资助项目“北欧、西伯利亚与北美狩猎采集者岩画遗址的声学与听觉文化研究”（2018–2023）的一部分。

相关信息详见：https://www.helsinki.fi/en/researchgroups/acoustics-of-sacred-sites

每个WAV（WAV）文件包含一段脉冲响应，采集设备为纽曼KM183全指向电容声压麦克风（Neumann KM183 omnidirectional condenser pressure microphone）与Zoom F8或H6便携式音频记录仪（Zoom F8 or H6 portable audio recorder），采样率为96千赫兹（kHz），位深度为24比特（bit）。激励信号（excitation signal）采用直径40厘米的乳胶气球（latex balloon）爆破声，或10秒对数正弦扫频信号（logarithmic sine sweep）。文件名包含以下信息：
- 遗址名称
- 遗址类型（岩画遗址/参照遗址/定居点遗址）
- 录制点位距彩绘岩或参照岩的距离（米）
- 录制时段（冬季[-12~+2℃] / 夏季[+12~+25℃]）
- 激励信号类型（爆破声/扫频信号）

岩画遗址依据地形与声学特征分为“未改变”与“已改变”两类。下表列出了本次研究涉及的37处岩画遗址与6处定居点遗址的核心特征（其中height指彩绘岩距水面的高度；category指遗址分为未改变/已改变的类别；distance指定居点遗址距最近岩画遗址的距离）：

岩画遗址; 所属市镇; 形成类型; 高度（米）; 类别; 野外工作时段
阿斯图万萨尔米（Astuvansalmi）; 里斯蒂纳/米凯利; 崖壁、遮蔽洞; 6.8–11.8; 已改变; 夏季
豪卡拉赫登沃里二号（Haukkalahdenvuori II）; 埃农科斯基; 崖壁; 6.9–7.6; 已改变; 夏季
豪卡萨里一号（Haukkasaari I）; 莱米; 崖壁; 1.8; 未改变; 冬季
豪卡萨里二号（Haukkasaari II）; 莱米; 崖壁; 1.8; 未改变; 冬季、夏季
伊尔穆森沃里（Ilmuksenvuori）; 莱米; 崖壁; 1.8–2.8; 未改变; 夏季
伊特科拉赫蒂（Itkonlahti）; 门蒂哈尔尤; 崖壁、壶穴; 0.8–1.9; 未改变; 夏季
尤尔马-厄尔基（Julma-Ölkky）; 库萨莫; 崖壁; 1.3; 未改变; 冬季、夏季
于尔维耶尔维（Juusjärvi）; 基尔科努米; 崖壁; 6.6–8.4; 已改变; 冬季
亚尼斯卡里（Jäniskallio）; 埃斯波; 崖壁; 1.8; 未改变; 冬季、夏季
卡拉涅米一号（Kalamaniemi I）; 卢迈基; 崖壁、凹室; 1.6–2.8; 未改变; 夏季
凯尔塔沃里（Keltavuori）; 拉彭兰塔; 崖壁; 1.5–2.5; 未改变; 冬季、夏季
基维基尔科（Kivikirkko）; 苏尔卡瓦; 漂砾、洞穴; 11.6–12.3; 已改变; 夏季
科尔米克耶蒂恩沃里（Kolmiköytisienvuori）; 鲁奥科拉赫蒂; 崖壁; 3.5–4.5; 已改变; 夏季
拉马斯耶尔维/法什舍（Lammasjärvi/Fårsjö）; 波赫亚/拉塞博里; 崖壁; 1.1–2.6; 未改变; 冬季、夏季
卢察洛（Luutsalo）; 海纳韦斯; 漂砾; 1.6–2.0; 未改变; 夏季
勒普瑟恩卢奥拉（Löppösenluola）; 瓦尔凯阿拉/科沃拉; 崖壁、遮蔽洞; 2.3–4.0; 未改变; 夏季
梅尔塔卡里（Mertakallio）; 伊蒂; 崖壁、凹室; 2.6–4.5; 未改变; 夏季
米利兰皮/米利奥亚（Myllylampi/Myllyoja）; 卢迈基; 崖壁; 4.0; 已改变; 夏季
奥尔哈文沃里/奥尔哈文兰皮（Olhavanvuori/Olhavanlampi）; 瓦尔凯阿拉/科沃拉; 崖壁、裂隙; 1.5; 未改变; 夏季
帕塔卡里（Patakallio）; 亚拉/科沃拉; 崖壁、凹室、壶穴; 1.5; 未改变; 冬季
劳特沃里（Rautvuori）; 海尼科拉; 崖壁; 8.2–9.2; 已改变; 夏季
里斯蒂涅米沃里一号（Ristniemenvuori I）; 米耶希卡拉; 崖壁; 1.6; 未改变; 冬季
里斯蒂涅米沃里二号（Ristniemenvuori II）; 米耶希卡拉; 崖壁; 1.6; 未改变; 冬季
鲁明卡皮亚（Ruominkapia）; 莱米; 崖壁; 1.0–3.8; 未改变; 夏季
萨尔门沃里（Salmenvuori）; 拉彭兰塔; 崖壁; 1.0–3.5; 未改变; 夏季
萨尔米耶尔维/劳特迈基（Salmijärvi/Lautmäki）; 维赫蒂; 崖壁、遮蔽洞; 1.5–2.0; 未改变; 冬季、夏季
西里阿沃里（Siliävuori）; 卢迈基; 崖壁、凹室; 1.8–3.0; 未改变; 冬季、夏季
图帕沃里（Tupavuori）; 亚拉/科沃拉; 崖壁; 3.0; 已改变; 夏季
乌孔沃里（Ukonvuori）; 埃农科斯基; 崖壁、遮蔽洞; 10.0; 已改变; 夏季
瓦斯克沃里A（Vaskivuori A）; 卢迈基; 崖壁; 1.0; 未改变; 冬季、夏季
瓦斯克沃里C（Vaskivuori C）; 卢迈基; 崖壁; 1.0–1.8; 未改变; 冬季
韦里耶尔维（Verijärvi）; 米凯利; 崖壁; 1.4–2.2; 未改变; 夏季
韦尔拉（Verla）; 瓦尔凯阿拉/科沃拉; 崖壁; 0.5–1.5; 未改变; 冬季
维赫林科斯基A（Viherinkoski A）; 尤察; 漂砾; 2.7 周边树木丛生; 已改变; 夏季
维赫林科斯基B（Viherinkoski B）; 尤察; 崖壁; 2.2–3.0; 未改变; 夏季
瓦伊诺卡里/莱韦阿拉赫蒂（Väinönkallio/Leveälahti）; 阿西卡拉; 崖壁; 4.0–5.5; 已改变; 夏季
瓦里卡里（Värikallio）; 苏穆斯萨尔米; 崖壁; 0.2–2.5; 未改变; 冬季、夏季

定居点遗址; 所属市镇; 地形; 距离（米）; 类别; 野外工作时段
霍派森维尔塔二号（Huopaisenvirta II）; 卢迈基; 海滩; 3050; 已改变：道路; 夏季
延于耶尔维-沃萨伦蒂（Jängynjärvi-Vuossaarentie）; 拉彭兰塔; 沼泽海滩; 1500; 未改变; 夏季
凯达斯（Keidas）; 伊蒂; 海滩; 8700; 未改变; 夏季
凯萨拉姆皮（Kesälampi）; 拉彭兰塔; 沼泽海滩; 1150; 未改变; 夏季
穆伊库普罗（Muikkupuro）; 苏穆斯萨尔米; 海滩; 5500; 未改变; 夏季
兰塔宁苏尔佩尔托（Rantanen Suurpelto）; 卢迈基; 海滩; 900; 已改变：农田; 冬季