Replication Data for: Amplifying and Nullifying the Impact of Democratic Sanctions through Aid to Civil Society.

Both foreign aid and sanctions are foreign policy tools to promote democracy. Yet, it is unclear how far incentives and coercion enhance democratization. Since sanctions and aid are often employed at the same time, the goal of this study is to determine their joint effect on democratization in target/recipient countries. We argue that sending democracy aid through civil society organizations enhances the effectiveness of sanctions as a democracy promotion tool because the civil society is empowered to introduce democratic changes. Thus, in addition to the top-down pressure on the target government created by sanctions, there is a bottom-up pressure exerted by the civil society. Our empirical results show that democratic sanctions by the European Union and the United States are more likely to have a positive effect when aid flows bypass the government. Conversely, aid channeled through the public sector mitigates the generally positive effect of sanctions on democracy. In order to estimate these joint effects, we employ a new comprehensive dataset on economic sanctions: the EUSANCT Dataset which integrates and updates existing databases on sanctions for the period between 1989 and 2015, merged with disaggregated OECD aid data and V-Dem democracy scores.

对外援助与经济制裁均为推动民主建设的外交政策工具。然而，学界尚未明确此类激励与强制手段对民主化进程的提升效力究竟几何。鉴于制裁与援助往往并行施行，本研究旨在探究二者对受援/制裁目标国民主化进程的联合影响。
本研究提出，通过民间社会组织渠道拨付民主援助，可强化制裁作为民主促进工具的效能——因民间社会将获得推动民主变革的赋权。如此一来，除制裁对目标政府施加的自上而下压力外，民间社会亦会施加自下而上的推动力量。
本研究的实证结果显示，欧盟（European Union）与美国（United States）实施的民主制裁，在援助资金绕过目标政府直接拨付时，更易产生积极的民主促进效果；反之，若援助通过公共部门渠道输送，则会削弱制裁对民主化的整体正向影响。
为估算上述联合影响，本研究采用了一套全新的综合性经济制裁数据集——EUSANCT数据集（EUSANCT Dataset）。该数据集整合并更新了1989年至2015年间的现有制裁数据库，并与细分的经济合作与发展组织（OECD）援助数据、V-Dem民主测评得分进行了合并。