Adoption, Digital Health Literacy, and Patient Satisfaction of Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission

While ABDM demonstrates operational efficiency and moderate patient user satisfaction, adoption of ABHA registration remains limited in comparison to conventional OPD registrations, with significant barriers related to digital literacy, awareness, economic constraints, and privacy concerns. Substantial gender, age, and educational disparities exist in digital health literacy. To achieve equitable and sustainable adoption, targeted interventions are essential, including community-based digital literacy programs, simplified multilingual interfaces, strengthened privacy safeguards, subsidized data access, and on-site support through trained facilitators particularly for vulnerable populations including women, older adults, and those with lower educational attainment.