Family Health Survey II 1988 - Botswana

Abstract
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The BFHS-II was a national sample survey designed to provide information on fertility, family planning, and health in Botswana. The BFHS-II involved interviewing a randomly selected group of women between 15 and 49 years of age. These women were asked questions about their background, the children they had given births to, their knowledge and use of family planning methods, some health matters and other information which will be helpful to policy-makers and administrators in the health and family planning areas.

The objectives of the BFHS-II are to provide information on family planning awareness, approval and use, basic indicators of maternal and child health, and other topics related to family health. In addition, the BFHS-II complements the data collected in the BDS, by obtaining information needed to explore trends in fertility and mortality, and to examine the factors that influence these basic demographic indicators, particularly, the proximate determinants of fertility.

Specific objectives are:
- To collect information on fertility and family planning;
- To find out what type of women are likely to have more or fewer children or to use or not use family planning;
- To collect information on certain health-related matters such as antenatal checkups, supervised deliveries, postnatal care, brcastfeeding, immunisation, and diarrhoea treatment;
- To develop skills in conducting periodic surveys designed to monitor changes in demographic rates, health status, and the use of family planning; and
- To provide internationally comparable data which can be used by researchers investigating topics related to fertility, mortality and maternal-child health.

MAIN RESULTS

- The BFHS-II found that current fertility levels in Botswana remain high; however, the results show a decline in fertility in recent years.
- The BFHS-II found that traditional practices of breastfeeding and post-partum abstinence continue to be important factors in protecting women from a subsequent pregnancy. However, there is evidence that the duration of these practices is being curtailed among urban women.
- Knowledge of family planning methods and of places to obtain them is critical in the decision whether to use family planning and which method to use. The BFHS-II found that the MCH/FP programme has been quite successful in educating women about family planning.
- Use of contraception is the most important measurement of success in a family planning programme. The BFHS-II found that more than half of Batswana women have used a modern method of family planning at sometime and three out of ten women are currently using a contraceptive method to delay or avoid a birth.
- The BFHS-II found that women who are not currently using family planning, but do not wish to become pregnant soon, report a number of barriers to using family planning. A significant number of these women do intend to use family planning in the future.
- The BFHS-II also looked at the issue of women's perceptions about their partner's attitudes toward family planning. Within couples, male approval is much lower than that of females, although the reported level of partner's approval has increased since 1984.
- The BFHS-II results suggest that Batswana women have a growing interest in spacing births but continue to have a preference for many children.
- The BFHS-II documents that many women had a birth sooner that they would have liked although only a minority of women had another birth when they preferred not to have any more children.
- Women can be considered in need of family planning if they are not currently using a method of contraception and either want no more births or want to postpone the next birth for two or more years. The BFHS-II found that 45 percent of women in union are in need of family planning.
- Since teenage pregnancy places the health and welfare of teenagers and their births at risk, the Government of Botswana encourages women to wait until age 20 before their first pregnancy. The BFHS-II found that nearly one-quarter of teenagers had at least one birth and an additional 5 percent were pregnant with their first child at the time of the survey.
- The BFHS-II also documents that the MCH/FP programme has made a successful contribution to the reduction of infant and child mortality, though children of mothers with no education and children born soon after a previous birth have higher mortality rates.
- The BFHS-II documents that maternal and child health services are widely used by women in Botswana and the programme has expanded significantly since 1984.
- The BFHS-II found that a significant proportion of ill children received appropriate treatment. Although a large proportion of children who suffered from diarrhoea were treated with oral rehydration therapy, of concern is the significant proportion for whom fluid and food intake was cut down during the diarrhoeal episode.
- The BFHS-II included questions on knowledge of AIDS, the ways the disease is transmitted, who is at highest risk, and behaviors that will help someone avoid the disease. In the absence of either a vaccine or a cure for AIDS, education about prevention is the main strategy for combatting the epidemic. Nearly all women interviewed in the BFHS-II had heard of AIDS. However, many women lack correct information or have misconceptions about the disease.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The results of the 1984 BFHS showed that the Botswana MCH/FP programme has made considerable progress in providing health and contraceptive services to women of childbearing age. The 1988 BFHS (BFHS-II) confirms this and documents the further progress made between 1984 and 1988. The results of the BFHS-II indicate that utilization of MCH services has increased, along with knowledge and use of family planning. However, the 1988 findings also point to areas of the MCH/FP programme that need improvement.

I. An area where additional effort is needed is in Information, Education, and Communication (also recommended in 1984):
- Counselling services should be strengthened so that they are better able to disseminate information about family planning and dispel misconceptions women have regarding the use of contraception. The strengthening of the services should be targeted not only towards clients but also health workers.
- Information, education, and communication (IEC) activities at the district level need strengthening by training or designating officers specifically to carry out these services.

II. Outstanding recommendations from the 1984 BFHS should continue to receive emphasis:
- Further efforts should be directed toward educating and counseling teenagers (both boys and girls) about responsible sexual behavior.
- Additional attention should be placed on informing men about the health and other benefits of family planning. Emphasis should be placed on the importance of couple communication in this area and on the fact that childbearing is the joint responsibility of the couple and not the choice of the man or woman alone.
- Stress should continue to be placed on the health benefits of traditional practices such as breastfeeding and post-partum abstinence.

IEC materials targeting special population subgroups, e.g., illiterate women, should be developed.
- Emphasis should be placed on identifying women in need of family planning services, particularly those concerned about limiting their family size. Counseling about family planning during the provision of antenatal and post-partum services is a key mechanism in reaching these women.
- Potential acceptors should be counseled about the most appropriate methods for their age, life situation and fertility intentions.
- Research should be undertaken to further investigate the determinants and consequences of adolescent childbearing.
- Acceptors should be informed about possible side effects associated with the method they adopt, and follow-up of acceptors should be emphasized to reduce the levels of discontinuation due to side effects.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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- Household
- Women age 15-49

Universe
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The population covered by the 1994 ZDHS is defined as the universe of all eligible women, defined as those age 15-49 years who spent the night prior to the household interview in the selected household, irrespective of whether they were usual members of the household.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data

Sampling procedure
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Comparison of the age distribution of the women in the BFHS-II sample with the distribution of women 15-49 in the 1981 census and 1984 Botswana Family Health Survey (BFHS). The BFHS-II sample has a greater concentration of women at the ages 20-34 than the other two data sets. There is apparent under-sampling of teenagers in both the 1984 BFHS and the 1988 BFHS-II. An examination of the distribution of household members by age and sex enumerated in the BFHS-II household listing indicates a greater than expected number of women in the 10- 14 age group for females and a dearth in the 15-19 age group. Some interviewers may have recorded women in the 15-19 year age group as having a younger age in the household listing in order to make them ineligible for the individual interview and thus lighten their work load. Similarly, it was also found that females in the 45-49 age group was under-enumerated relative to the 50-54 age group.

The greater concentration of women in the prime reproductive ages in the BFHS-II may also result from the fact that interviewers were more successful in interviewing women in selected households in the urban areas, where more young women are found. One consequence of the greater concentration of younger women is that estimates of contraceptive prevalence may be higher, and fertility lower, than if more older women had been interviewed.

The distribution of women by marital status in the BFHS-II is similar to that found in the 1981 census, whereas the 1984 BFHS classified a much greater proportion of women as currently in union. The 1984 BFHS included two additional probes to determine how many women reporting their marital status as separated, divorced, widowed, or single were actually living with a partner at the time of the interview. In response to these probes, almost half of the women who initially did not report themselves as married or in a consensual union said that they were currently living with a partner, resulting in a much higher estimate of the proportion currently in union.

The sample shows a rapid increase in the proportion of the Botswana population living in urban areas. The proportion of respondents residing in urban areas increased from 21 percent in 1981 to 24 percent in 1984, and rose to 30 percent by 1988. However, the BFHS-II may include a slightly greater proportion of urban women than is found in the population. There has also been a increase in the education of women in the 1980s. Only 30 percent of women 15-49 at the time of the 1981 census reported that they had completed primary school or higher, compared with more than 50 percent of women in the BFHS-II. In 1981, 35 percent of women of reproductive age had not attended any school; by 1988, only 24 percent had received no education.

Distribution of the surveyed women by education and according to age, urban-rural residence, and religion. Education is a major factor which determines the level of participation of women in the various sectors of the modcrn economy. Generally, women in Botswana play an active and significant role in the educational system both as students and as teachers. For the last ten years, female students have dominated the primary and junior secondary school system. However, this situation changes at senior secondary and higher levels of education.

The percent of women by education according to age cohort shows the increasing level of education among Batswana women. The percent of women with no education drops dramatically with decreasing age and, conversely, the proportion with at least completed primary schooling rises. As expected, urban women are better educated than their rural counterparts. The data also show variations in education by religion. Women who belong to the Spiritual-African Church, or profess to have no religion, have substantially less education than Catholic or Protestant women.

Sampling deviation
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The large difference in the proportion of eligible households between urban and rural areas is because many rural residents have more than one house, which they occupy at different times of the year. Households which were occupied for only part of the time were included in the household listing used for selection, but some proportion of them would necessarily be empty at the time of the survey. Among eligible households, the same proportion of households were successfully interviewed in urban and rural areas.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face

Research instrument
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Two questionnaires were used for the BFHS-II: a household and an individual questionnaire. The questionnaires were adapted from the DHS Model "B" Questionnaire, intended for use in countries with low contraceptive prevalence, with the addition of a modified version of the family planning section from the DHS Model "A" Questionnaire for high prevalence countries. The household and individual questionnaires were administered in either Setswana or English.

Information on the age and sex of all usual members and visitors in the selected households was recorded in the household questionnaire. This information was used to identify women eligible for the individual interview. Data on fostering for children age 0-14 were also collected in the household questionnaire.

The individual questionnaire was used to collect data for all eligible women, defined as those age 15-49 years who spent the night prior to the household interview in the selected household, irrespective of whether they were usual members of the household. The individual questionnaire was used to collect information on the following topics:
1.Respondent's Background
2.Reproductive Behavior
3.Teenage Pregnancy
4.Knowledge and Use of Family Planning
5.Maternal and Child Health and Breastfeeding
6.Marriage
7.Knowledge of AIDS
8.Fertility Preferences
9.Husband's Background, Women's Work, and Child Support

Cleaning operations
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Completed questionnaires were delivered to CSO regularly. Coding, data entry and machine editing went on concurrently at the CSO as the fieldwork progressed. All data processing was performed on microcomputers using the Integrated System for Survey Analysis (ISSA) software developed by IRD. Both coding and data entry, which were started in mid-September, were completed by mid-December, 1988. Subsequently, approximately 20 percent of the questionnaires were re-entered to verify the accuracy of the initial data entry. Before tabulation, the data were edited for consistency and inconsistencies were resolved, when possible, following the rules developed for the Demographic and Health Survey programme. Senior survey staff from CSO were responsible for supervising data entry and for resolving inconsistencies in questionnaires detected during secondary machine editing. The tabulations for the preliminary report were produced in Botswana in the week fieldwork was completed. Tabulations for this report were initially run at IRD and sent to CSO and FHD for review. An initial draft of this report was prepared by CSO, FHD, and DHS staff in Gaborone. Subsequently, one analyst from CSO and one from FHD spent two weeks in Columbia, Maryland to finalize the report.

Response rate
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Number of households and women selected and successfully interviewed by urban/rural residence: It indicates that 4620 households, or 80 percent, of the 5776 selected households were eligible to be interviewed, Thirteen percent of households were ineligible because no member of the household had slept in the house the night before the interview and another 4 percent of the selected households were vacant or not dwellings. Of the 4620 eligible households, 4473 households or 97 percent, were successfully interviewed. In the urban and rural areas, 90 and 72 percent, respectively, of the households were eligible for interview.

The household questionnaire identified 4648 eligible women, of which 95 percent were successfully interviewed. This rate did not vary between urban and rural areas. The overall response rate, the product of the household response rate and the individual response rate, was 92 percent.

Sampling error estimates
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The results from sample surveys are affected by two types of errors: nonsampling error and sampling error. The former is due to mistakes in implementing the field activities, such as failing to locate and interview the correct household, errors in asking questions, data entry errors, etc. While numerous steps were taken to minimize this sort of error in the BFHS-II, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid entirely, and are difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of women selected in the BFHS-II is only one of many samples of the same size that could have been drawn from the population using the same design. Each sample would have yielded slightly different results from the sample actually selected. The variability observed among all possible samples constitutes sampling error, which can be estimated from survey results (though not measured exactly).

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the "standard error" (SE) of a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.) which is the square root of the variance of the statistic across all possible samples of equal size and design. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which one can be reasonably sure the true value of the variable for the whole population falls. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that same statistic as measured in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic.

If simple random sampling had been used to select women for the BFHS-II, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the BFHS-II sample design used two stages and clusters of households, and it was necessary to use more complex formulas. Therefore, the computer package CLUSTERS, developed for the World Fertility Survey, was used to compute sampling errors.

In addition to the standard errors, CLUSTERS computes the design effect (DEFT) for each estimate, which is defined as the ratio between the standard error using the given sample design and the standard error that would result if a simple random sample had been used. A DEFT value of 1 indicates that the sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample; a value greater than 1 indicates that the increase in the sampling error is due to the use of a more complex and less statistically efficient design.

Sampling errors are presented for selected variables and sub-populations of women in Tables B.1-B.7. In addition to the standard error and value of DEFT for each variable, the tables include the weighted number of cases on which the statistic is based, the relative error (the standard error divided by the value of the statistic) and the 95 percent confidence limits. The confidence limits may be interpreted by using the following example: the overall estimate of the mean number of children ever born (CEB) is 2.580 and its standard error is .050. To obtain the 95 confidence interval, twice the standard error is added to and subtracted from the estimate of CEB, 2.580 + 2 * 0.050. Thus, there is a 95 percent probability that the true value of CEB lies between 2.480 and 2.681.

摘要
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BFHS-II是一项全国性样本调查，旨在为博茨瓦纳的生育率、家庭规划和健康状况提供信息。BFHS-II涉及对15至49岁之间随机选择的女性进行访谈。这些女性被问及她们的背景、她们所生育的孩子、她们对家庭规划方法的了解和使用情况、一些健康问题以及其他对卫生和家庭规划领域的政策制定者和管理人员有帮助的信息。

BFHS-II的目标是提供有关家庭规划意识、批准和使用情况的信息，以及母婴健康的基本指标和其他与家庭健康相关的话题。此外，BFHS-II通过获取探索生育率和死亡率趋势以及检验影响这些基本人口统计指标因素所需的信息，补充了BDS收集的数据。

具体目标包括：
- 收集有关生育和家庭规划的信息；
- 确定哪些类型的女性可能生育更多或更少的子女，或者使用或不使用家庭规划；
- 收集有关某些与健康相关的问题的信息，如产前检查、监督分娩、产后护理、母乳喂养、免疫接种和腹泻治疗；
- 发展开展旨在监测人口统计比率、健康状况和家庭规划使用情况变化的定期调查的技能；
- 提供国际上可比的数据，这些数据可用于研究生育、死亡率和母婴健康相关的话题。

主要结果
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BFHS-II发现，博茨瓦纳的当前生育率仍然很高；然而，结果显示近年来生育率有所下降。
BFHS-II发现，母乳喂养和产后禁欲的传统做法仍然是保护女性免受再次怀孕的重要因素。然而，有证据表明，这些做法的持续时间在城市女性中正在缩短。
了解家庭规划方法和获取它们的地方对于决定是否使用家庭规划和选择哪种方法至关重要。BFHS-II发现，MCH/FP项目在向女性普及家庭规划方面相当成功。
避孕套的使用是家庭规划项目成功与否的最重要指标。BFHS-II发现，超过一半的博茨瓦纳女性曾在某个时候使用过现代家庭规划方法，十分之三的女性目前正在使用避孕方法来推迟或避免生育。
BFHS-II发现，目前不使用家庭规划但不想很快怀孕的女性报告了使用家庭规划的障碍。其中相当一部分女性将来打算使用家庭规划。
BFHS-II还研究了女性对配偶对家庭规划态度的看法问题。在夫妻中，男性对家庭规划的认可度远低于女性，尽管自1984年以来配偶的认可度有所提高。
BFHS-II的结果表明，博茨瓦纳女性对生育间隔越来越感兴趣，但仍然偏好生育多个孩子。
BFHS-II记录了尽管许多女性生育的婴儿比她们希望的更早，但只有少数女性在她们希望不再生育的情况下又生育了另一个孩子。
如果女性目前没有使用避孕方法，并且要么不想再生育，要么希望推迟下一次生育两年或更长时间，那么她们可以考虑需要家庭规划。BFHS-II发现，45％的已婚女性需要家庭规划。
由于青少年怀孕将青少年及其出生的健康和福利置于风险之中，博茨瓦纳政府鼓励女性在20岁之前不要生育第一个孩子。BFHS-II发现，近四分之一的青少年至少生育了一个孩子，另外5％在调查时怀有第一个孩子。
BFHS-II还记录了MCH/FP项目在降低婴儿和儿童死亡率方面做出了成功的贡献，尽管没有受过教育的母亲和在孩子出生不久后出生的孩子死亡率更高。
BFHS-II记录了博茨瓦纳的女性广泛使用母婴健康服务，自1984年以来该计划已显著扩大。
BFHS-II发现，相当一部分患病儿童接受了适当的治疗。尽管大多数患腹泻的儿童接受了口服补液疗法，但令人担忧的是，在腹泻期间，相当一部分儿童的液体和食物摄入量减少。
BFHS-II还包含了有关艾滋病毒知识、疾病传播方式、最高风险人群以及有助于避免疾病的行为的问题。鉴于没有疫苗或治愈艾滋病的治疗方法，预防教育是抗击疫情的主要策略。BFHS-II中接受采访的几乎所有女性都听说过艾滋病毒。然而，许多女性缺乏正确的信息或对疾病有误解。

建议
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1984年BFHS的结果表明，博茨瓦纳MCH/FP项目在为育龄女性提供健康和避孕服务方面取得了重大进展。1988年BFHS（BFHS-II）证实了这一点，并记录了1984年至1988年之间取得的进一步进展。BFHS-II的结果表明，MCH服务的利用率有所提高，家庭规划的知识和使用率也有所提高。然而，1988年的发现也指出了MCH/FP项目中需要改进的领域。

I. 需要额外努力的一个领域是信息、教育和传播（也建议在1984年）：
- 应加强咨询服务，以便更好地传播有关家庭规划的信息，并消除女性对避孕使用的误解。服务的加强不仅应针对客户，还应针对卫生工作者。
- 应通过培训或指定专门官员来执行这些服务，以加强地区层面的信息、教育和传播（IEC）活动。

II. 1984年BFHS中提出的突出建议应继续得到重视：
- 应进一步努力教育和咨询青少年（男性和女性）关于负责任的性行为。
- 应更多地关注向男性宣传家庭规划的健康和其他好处。应强调这一领域夫妻沟通的重要性，以及生育是夫妻共同责任而不是男人或女人的个人选择的事实。
- 应继续强调传统做法（如母乳喂养和产后禁欲）的健康益处。

针对特殊人口子群体的IEC材料，例如文盲女性，应予以开发。
- 应强调识别需要家庭规划服务的女性，尤其是那些希望限制家庭规模的女性。在提供产前和产后服务期间对家庭规划进行咨询是接触这些女性的关键机制。
- 应就适合她们年龄、生活状况和生育意愿的最合适方法对潜在接受者进行咨询。
- 应开展研究，进一步调查青少年生育的决定因素和后果。
- 应向接受者告知他们采用的方法可能出现的副作用，并强调对接受者进行跟踪以减少由于副作用而中断的水平。

地理覆盖范围
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全国
分析单位
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- 家庭
- 15-49岁的女性

总体
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由1994年ZDHS覆盖的人口被定义为所有符合条件的女性，定义为那些年龄在15-49岁之间，在家庭访谈前一天晚上在所选家庭过夜的女性，无论她们是否是家庭的常住成员。

数据类型
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样本调查数据

抽样程序
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BFHS-II中女性的年龄分布与1981年人口普查和1984年博茨瓦纳家庭健康调查（BFHS）中15-49岁女性的分布进行比较。BFHS-II样本中20-34岁女性的集中度高于其他两个数据集。在1984年BFHS和1988年BFHS-II中，青少年似乎都存在抽样不足。
通过分析BFHS-II家庭名单中按年龄和性别统计的家庭成员的分布，可以看出，女性在10-14岁年龄组的数量超过预期，而在15-19岁年龄组则明显不足。一些调查员可能将15-19岁年龄组的女性记录为家庭名单中的较年轻年龄，以便使她们不符合个人访谈的资格，从而减轻他们的工作量。同样，也发现45-49岁年龄组的女性相对于50-54岁年龄组的女性被低估。
BFHS-II中女性在主要生育年龄的集中可能也源于调查员在城市地区（那里有更多年轻女性）选择的家庭中访谈女性时更为成功。年轻女性集中的后果之一是，避孕套普及率的估计可能比如果访谈了更多年长女性要高，而生育率可能更低。
BFHS-II中按婚姻状况分布的女性与1981年人口普查的结果相似，而1984年BFHS将很大比例的女性归类为目前处于婚姻状态。1984年BFHS包括两个额外的调查，以确定报告婚姻状况为分居、离婚、丧偶或单身，但实际上在访谈时与伴侣同居的女性人数。对这些调查的回应是，几乎一半最初没有报告自己已婚或处于自愿联合的女性表示她们目前与伴侣同居，导致目前处于婚姻状态的比例估计大幅提高。
样本显示，居住在城市地区的人口比例迅速增加。居住在城市地区的受访者比例从1981年的21％上升到1984年的24％，到1988年上升到30％。然而，BFHS-II可能包含了比人口中发现的更大比例的城市女性。在20世纪80年代，女性的教育程度也有所提高。当时只有30％的15-49岁女性报告说她们完成了小学或更高学历，而BFHS-II中超过50％的女性如此。在1981年，35％的生育年龄女性没有接受过任何学校教育；到1988年，只有24％的女性没有受过教育。
按教育程度和年龄、城乡居住地和宗教划分的调查女性的分布。教育是决定女性在现代经济各个部门参与水平的主要因素。一般来说，博茨瓦纳的女性在教育系统中扮演着积极和重要的角色，无论是作为学生还是教师。在过去十年中，女性学生主导着小学和初级中学教育系统。然而，在高级中学和高等教育水平，这种情况发生了变化。
按年龄群划分的女性按教育程度分布表明，博茨瓦纳女性受教育程度不断提高。没有受过教育的女性比例随着年龄的降低而急剧下降，而至少完成了小学教育的比例则相反地上升。如预期的那样，城市女性的教育程度高于农村女性。数据还显示，教育程度按宗教划分存在差异。属于精神非洲教会或声称没有宗教信仰的女性，其教育程度明显低于天主教或新教女性。

抽样偏差
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城乡之间合格家庭比例存在很大差异的原因是许多农村居民在一年中的不同时间拥有多个房屋，他们在不同的时间居住在这些房屋中。只有部分时间居住的房屋被纳入用于选择的家庭名单，但在调查时，其中必然有一部分是空置的。在合格的家庭中，城市和农村地区成功访谈的家庭比例相同。

数据收集方式
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面对面

研究工具
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BFHS-II使用了两个问卷：家庭问卷和个人问卷。这些问卷是从DHS模型“B”问卷改编的，适用于避孕套普及率较低的国家，并增加了来自DHS模型“A”问卷的家庭规划部分的修改版，适用于高普及率国家。家庭和个人问卷以塞茨瓦纳语或英语进行。
家庭问卷记录了所选家庭中所有常住成员和访客的年龄和性别信息。这些信息用于确定符合个人访谈资格的女性。家庭问卷还收集了0-14岁儿童的寄养信息。
个人问卷用于收集所有合格女性的数据，定义为那些年龄在15-49岁之间，在家庭访谈前一天晚上在所选家庭过夜的女性，无论她们是否是家庭的常住成员。个人问卷用于收集以下主题的信息：
1. 受访者背景
2. 生殖行为
3. 青少年怀孕
4. 家庭规划的知识和使用
5. 母婴健康和母乳喂养
6. 婚姻
7. 艾滋病毒知识
8. 生育偏好
9. 丈夫的背景、女性的工作和子女抚养

数据清理操作
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完成后的问卷定期送至CSO。在实地工作进展的同时，编码、数据录入和机器编辑同时进行。所有数据处理都是使用IRD开发的集成调查分析系统（ISSA）软件在微型计算机上进行的。编码和数据录入始于9月中旬，到1988年12月中旬完成。随后，大约20％的问卷被重新输入，以验证最初数据录入的准确性。在汇总之前，数据被编辑以保持一致性，并在可能的情况下，根据为人口统计和健康调查项目制定的规则解决不一致之处。CSO的高级调查人员负责监督数据录入，并在次级机器编辑过程中发现的不一致之处进行解决。初步报告的汇总在实地工作完成的那一周在博茨瓦纳产生。该报告的汇总最初在IRD运行，并送至CSO和FHD进行审查。该报告的最初草案由CSO、FHD和DHS人员在加博隆内准备。随后，CSO和FHD各有一名分析师在马里兰州哥伦比亚度过了两周，以最终确定报告。

响应率
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按城乡居住地划分的选定家庭和女性的数量和成功访谈的数量：这表明，在5776个选定家庭中，有4620个家庭，即80％，有资格接受访谈。有13％的家庭不符合资格，因为家庭中没有成员在访谈前一天晚上在该家中过夜，另外4％的选定家庭为空或不是住宅。在4620个合格家庭中，有4473个家庭或97％成功接受访谈。在城市和农村地区，90％和72％的家庭有资格接受访谈。
家庭问卷确定了4648名合格女性，其中95％成功接受访谈。这一比率在城乡地区之间没有差异。总体响应率，即家庭响应率和个人响应率的乘积，为92％。

抽样误差估计
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样本调查的结果受两种类型误差的影响：非抽样误差和抽样误差。前者是由于实施现场活动时的错误，例如未能找到和访谈正确的家庭、提问错误、数据录入错误等。尽管在BFHS-II中采取了众多步骤来最大限度地减少这类错误，但非抽样误差是不可能完全避免的，并且难以从统计上进行评估。
另一方面，抽样误差可以统计评估。BFHS-II中选定的女性样本只是从人口中抽取的许多相同大小的样本之一，这些样本使用相同的设计从人口中抽取。每个样本都会产生与实际选定的样本略有不同的结果。所有可能样本之间的观察到的差异构成了抽样误差，这可以从调查结果中估计（尽管不能精确测量）。
抽样误差通常以特定统计量（平均值、百分比等）的“标准误差”（SE）来衡量，这是所有可能样本中相同大小和设计统计量的方差的平方根。标准误差可用于计算置信区间，在此区间内，可以合理地确信整个变量的真实值。
例如，从样本调查中计算出的任何给定统计量，其相同统计量在95％的所有可能样本中的相同大小和设计中所测量的值将在加减两倍标准误差的范围内。如果使用简单随机抽样来选择BFHS-II的女性，则可以使用简单的公式来计算抽样误差。但是，BFHS-II的样本设计使用了两阶段和户集群，因此有必要使用更复杂的公式。因此，使用了为世界生育调查开发的计算机程序包CLUSTERS来计算抽样误差。
除了标准误差外，CLUSTERS还为每个估计值计算了设计效应（DEFT），这定义为使用给定样本设计计算的标准误差与使用简单随机抽样将产生的标准误差之比。DEFT值为1表示样本设计与简单随机样本一样高效；大于1的值表示抽样误差的增加是由于使用了更复杂且统计效率较低的样本设计。
为所选变量和女性子群体提供了抽样误差（表B.1-B.7）。除了每个变量的标准误差和DEFT值外，表还包含了基于统计量的加权案例数量、相对误差（标准误差除以统计量的值）和95％置信限。可以使用以下示例解释置信限：总体生育孩子数（CEB）的估计值为2.580，其标准误差为.050。要获得95％置信区间，将两倍标准误差加到并从CEB的估计值2.580中减去，即2.580 + 2 * 0.050。因此，有95％的概率认为CEB的真实值在2.480和2.681之间。