Values, beliefs, norms, and circular citizenship behaviours in a Dutch representative sample

Overview We collected data of 484 participants among a Dutch representative sample, using Qualtrics as software and Panel Inzicht to collect responses. Before the data collection, we specified our exclusion criteria (see https://osf.io/umh46). First, we excluded 37 respondents thjat were marked as potential bots or as straightliners through Qualtrics. Next, we excluded one respondent that did not indicate “yes” on the item asking the participant whether they paid full attention to the questionnaire and we could use their answers for the data analysis (“use me”-item). Additionally, we checked whether participants demonstrate insufficient effort responding (Huang et al., 2012) by examining participants’ intra-individual response variability (Dunn et al., 2018) and the completion time of the participants (i.e., less than 50% of the median time of the sample). Only one respondent was identified for IER but their completion time was not 50% below the sample’s median. Therefore, we did not exclude them. This left us with 446 participants for the data analysis. We forced responses to all items, to ensure respondents do not miss any items. The questionnaire’s completion time was completed by most people in less than ten minutes (Median = 8.85 minutes, M = 29.89 minutes, SD = 165.20 minutes). Items Values: We used the validated short value questionnaire based on (Steg et al., 2014) to measure values. Below you will find 16 values. Behind each value, there is a short explanation concerning the meaning of the value.Could you please rate how important each value is for you as a guiding principle in your life? The rating scale is as follows:-1 means the value is opposed to the principles that guide you0 means the value is not important at all; it is not relevant as a guiding principle in your life3 means the value is important7 means the value is of supreme importance as a guiding principle in your life;Ordinarily, there are no more than two such values. Your scores can vary from -1 up to 7. The higher the number (-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), the more important the value is as a guiding principle in your life. Try to distinguish as much as possible between your ratings of the values by using different numbers. RESPECTING THE EARTH: harmony with other species (val_bio1) UNITY WITH NATURE: fitting into nature (val_bio2) PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT: preserving nature (val_bio3) PREVENTING POLLUTION: protecting natural resources (val_bio4) EQUALITY: equal opportunity for all (val_alt1) A WORLD AT PEACE: free of war and conflict (val_alt2) SOCIAL JUSTICE: correcting injustice, care for the weak (val_alt3) HELPFUL: working for the welfare of others (val_alt4) SOCIAL POWER: control over others, dominance (val_ego1) WEALTH: material possessions, money (val_ego2) AUTHORITY: the right to lead or command (val_ego3) INFLUENTIAL: having an impact on people and events (val_ego4) AMBITIOUS: hard working, aspiring (val_ego5) PLEASURE: joy, gratification of desires (val_hed1) ENJOYING LIFE: enjoying food, sex, leisure, etc. (val_hed2) SELF-INDULGENT: doing pleasant things (val_hed3) Problem awareness: The following statements are about how you think the current way of production and consumption relates to environmental problems, such as climate change, loss of biodiversity, waste, and pollution, and to social problems, such as that vulnerable groups who have contributed the least to environmental problems are suffering the most from the risks of climate change, such as floods and heatwaves. Please select to which extent you agree with the following items. The current way of production and consumption causes important environmental problems, such as climate change, loss of biodiversity, waste, and pollution (PA1) I worry about the environmental impacts caused by the current way of production and consumption (PA2) Serious environmental problems, such as climate change, loss of biodiversity, waste, and pollution are due to the current way of production and consumption (PA3) Responses were given on a seven-point Likert scale ranging from (1) fully disagree to (7) fully agree. Ascription of responsibility: I feel partly responsible for environmental problems that arise from the current way of production and consumption (AR1) Not only the government and industry are responsible for environmental and social problems caused by the current way of production and consumption, but I am too (AR2) I feel joint responsibility for environmental and social problems caused by the current way of production and consumption (AR3) Responses were given on a seven-point Likert scale ranging from (1) fully disagree to (7) fully agree. Circular citizenship behaviors: Please indicate how often you engage in the following behaviours to support reduced resource use and reusing or recycling of resources. Volunteering at environmental organisations that urge decision makers (in governments or companies) to support reducing, reusing, and recycling or influence the broader public to reduce, reuse, recycle (CCB_mix1) Donating to environmental organisations that urge decision makers to support reducing, reusing, and recycling or influence the broader public to reduce, reuse, recycle (CCB_mix2) Participating in circular initiatives that enable other people to reduce, reuse, or recycle, e.g. working in a repair café, organising a clothes swap, setting up a tool library, or creating a car sharing community (CCB_mix3) Responses were given on a six-point scale, with the scale points (1) Never, (2) Very Rarely, (3) Rarely, (4) Occasionally, (5) Regularly, and (6) Frequently. Please indicate how often you engage in the following behaviours to urge the local, regional, or national government to implement policies that support reducing, reusing, or recycling resources. Protesting, joining public demonstrations, or participating in sit-ins, strikes or rallies to advocate for reducing, reusing, and recycling (CCB_gov1) Signing a petition on the local, national, or international level to advocate for reducing, reusing, and recycling (CCB_gov2) Writing letters to/emailing/phoning government officials (local/national/EU) to advocate for reducing, reusing, and recycling (CCB_gov3) Voting for a candidate or political party (in local, national, EU elections) at least partly because they support reducing, reusing, and recycling (CCB_gov4) Participating in the political system, for example, participating in public assemblies/hearings to advocate for reducing, reusing, and recycling (CCB_gov5) Responses were given on a six-point scale, with the scale points (1) Never, (2) Very Rarely, (3) Rarely, (4) Occasionally, (5) Regularly, and (6) Frequently. Please indicate how often you engage in the following behaviours to urge businesses to reduce, reuse, or recycle resources, for example, that they use less resources in their organisational processes or create products that use less resources and can easily be repaired and recycled. Taking action to urge the company you work for to reduce, reuse, or recycle (CCB_busi1) Investing in businesses to stir decision-making in favour of reducing, reusing, and recycling and to strengthen businesses and projects that reduce, reuse, or recycle (CCB_busi2) Boycotting businesses that do not reduce their resource use, reuse, or recycle (CCB_busi3) Responses were given on a six-point scale, with the scale points (1) Never, (2) Very Rarely, (3) Rarely, (4) Occasionally, (5) Regularly, and (6) Frequently. Please indicate how often you engage in the following behaviours to motivate people around you, such as your friends, family members, or colleagues to reduce, reuse, or recycle, e.g. regarding how many new products they buy, whether they buy second hand, repair broken items, or turn old products in to be recycled. Setting a good example on how to reduce, reuse, and/or recycle (CCB_ind1) Sharing information with other people about the importance of reducing, reusing, and recycling resources and on how they can do(CCB_ind2) Sharing information with other people about how they can reduce, reuse, and/or recycle (CCB_ind3) Motivating other people to reduce, reuse, and/or recycle (CCB_ind4) Asking other people to reduce, reuse, and/or recycle (CCB_ind5) Complimenting other people when they reduce, reuse, and/or recycle (CCB_ind6) Pointing out to people when they use resources wastefully or do not reuse and/or recycle (CCB_ind7) Asking other people how they use less resources and what products they reuse and/or recycle (CCB_ind8) Informing and motivating people online (e.g. through posting messages or links on social media) to reduce, reuse, and/or recycle (CCB_ind9) Responses were given on a six-point scale, with the scale points (1) Never, (2) Very Rarely, (3) Rarely, (4) Occasionally, (5) Regularly, and (6) Frequently. Self-efficacy: The following statements are about urging others, such as the local, regional, or national government, businesses, or friends/family/colleagues, to take actions to use less resources, reuse existing products, and recycle resources. Please select to which extent you agree with the following statements. I feel confident that I can take actions to urge others to reduce, reuse, and recycle if I want to (SE1) I feel capable of taking actions to urge others to reduce, reuse, and recycle (SE2) It is within my control whether or not I take actions to urge gothers to reduce, reuse, and recycle (SE3) Responses were given on a seven-point Likert scale ranging from (1) fully disagree to (7) fully agree. Outcome efficacy: I can reduce environmental and social problems by taking actions to urge others to reduce, reuse, and recycle (OE1) I think it is useful to take actions to others to reduce, reuse, and recycle in order to reduce environmental and social problems (OE2) I think I can contribute to reducing environmental and social problems by taking actions to urge others to reduce, reuse, and recycle (OE3) Responses were given on a seven-point Likert scale ranging from (1) fully disagree to (7) fully agree. Personal norms: Please select to which extent you agree with the following statements. I feel personally responsible to take actions to urge others to reduce, reuse, and recycle (PN1) I feel morally obliged to take actions to urge others to reduce, reuse, and recycle (PN2) I act according to my principles by taking actions to urge others to reduce, reuse, and recycle (PN3) It is my moral ideal to urge others to reduce, reuse, and recycle (PN4) I would violate my principles if I did not urge others to reduce, reuse, and recycle (PN5) Responses were given on a seven-point Likert scale ranging from (1) fully disagree to (7) fully agree.数据集概述 我们以荷兰代表性样本为基础，共收集484名参与者的数据，调研软件采用Qualtrics，通过Panel Inzicht平台回收作答数据。 数据收集前，我们预先明确了排除标准（详见https://osf.io/umh46）。首先，通过Qualtrics标记的潜在机器人作答者与直线型作答者（即所有题目选择同一选项的作答者）共计37名，予以排除；其次，有1名参与者未在“您是否全程认真填写问卷并同意将作答数据用于本研究的数据分析（‘可使用我的作答’项）”问题中选择“是”，同样排除。此外，我们参考Huang等人（2012）的研究方法，通过分析参与者的个体内作答变异性（Dunn等人，2018）与作答时长（即低于样本中位数时长50%的参与者），筛查作答努力程度不足的情况。最终仅1名参与者被判定为作答努力不足，但其实其作答时长未低于样本中位数的50%，因此未将其排除。最终纳入数据分析的有效参与者共446名。 本次调研所有题目均设置为必答项，以确保参与者不会遗漏任何题目。 问卷作答时长方面，多数参与者可在10分钟内完成（中位数Mdn=8.85分钟，均值M=29.89分钟，标准差SD=165.20分钟）。 ## 一、调研条目 ### （一）核心价值观量表 我们采用基于Steg等人（2014）研究开发的经过信效度检验的简化价值观问卷，测量参与者的核心价值观。 以下为16项价值观条目，每项价值观后附有简短释义。请您对每项价值观作为自身人生指导原则的重要程度进行评分。评分标准如下： - -1分：该价值观与您的行事原则相悖 - 0分：该价值观完全不重要，未作为您的人生指导原则 - 3分：该价值观较为重要 - 7分：该价值观作为您人生指导原则具有至高重要性，通常此类价值观不超过2项 您的得分范围为-1至7，得分越高，代表该价值观作为您人生指导原则的重要程度越高。请尽量通过区分不同分值以体现各项价值观评分的差异。 1. 尊重自然（RESPECTING THE EARTH）：与其他物种和谐共生（val_bio1） 2. 与自然融为一体（UNITY WITH NATURE）：适配自然环境（val_bio2） 3. 保护环境（PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT）：保护自然生态（val_bio3） 4. 防止污染（PREVENTING POLLUTION）：守护自然资源（val_bio4） 5. 平等（EQUALITY）：人人享有平等机会（val_alt1） 6. 世界和平（A WORLD AT PEACE）：远离战争与冲突（val_alt2） 7. 社会公正（SOCIAL JUSTICE）：纠正不公，关照弱势群体（val_alt3） 8. 乐于助人（HELPFUL）：为他人福祉而努力（val_alt4） 9. 社会权力（SOCIAL POWER）：掌控他人，拥有支配地位（val_ego1） 10. 财富（WEALTH）：物质资产与金钱（val_ego2） 11. 权威（AUTHORITY）：拥有领导或指挥的权力（val_ego3） 12. 影响力（INFLUENTIAL）：对他人与事件产生影响（val_ego4） 13. 锐意进取（AMBITIOUS）：勤勉努力，追求卓越（val_ego5） 14. 愉悦（PLEASURE）：获得快乐，满足欲望（val_hed1） 15. 享受生活（ENJOYING LIFE）：畅享美食、性爱、休闲等（val_hed2） 16. 自我放纵（SELF-INDULGENT）：做令自己愉悦的事（val_hed3） ### （二）问题意识量表 以下陈述旨在了解您对当前生产与消费模式与环境问题及社会问题之间关联的看法，其中环境问题包括气候变化、生物多样性丧失、废弃物产生与污染等；社会问题则指那些对环境问题贡献最小的弱势群体，却最易遭受洪水、热浪等气候变化风险的冲击。 请选择您对以下条目同意的程度： 1. 当前的生产与消费模式会引发严重的环境问题，如气候变化、生物多样性丧失、废弃物产生与污染（PA1） 2. 我对当前生产与消费模式所造成的环境影响感到担忧（PA2） 3. 当前的生产与消费模式是引发气候变化、生物多样性丧失、废弃物产生与污染等严重环境问题的根源（PA3） 作答采用7级李克特量表，评分范围为（1）完全不同意至（7）完全同意。 ### （三）责任归因量表 1. 我认为自身需为当前生产与消费模式引发的环境问题承担部分责任（AR1） 2. 不仅政府与企业应为当前生产与消费模式引发的环境与社会问题负责，我本人也同样责无旁贷（AR2） 3. 我认为自身需与他人共同承担当前生产与消费模式引发的环境与社会问题的责任（AR3） 作答采用7级李克特量表，评分范围为（1）完全不同意至（7）完全同意。 ### （四）循环公民行为量表 请您选择自身参与以下行为的频率，以助力减少资源使用、资源再利用或回收利用。 #### 1. 环保组织参与与捐赠类行为 1. 在倡导决策者（政府或企业）推行减量化、再利用、资源化（3R原则），或向公众宣传3R理念的环保组织中担任志愿者（CCB_mix1） 2. 向倡导决策者推行3R理念、或向公众宣传3R理念的环保组织捐赠财物（CCB_mix2） 3. 参与助力他人践行3R的循环倡议，例如在维修咖啡馆工作、组织衣物交换活动、建立工具共享库或组建汽车共享社区等（CCB_mix3） 作答采用6级量表，选项依次为（1）从不、（2）极少、（3）偶尔、（4）有时、（5）经常、（6）频繁。 #### 2. 敦促政府推行政策类行为 请您选择自身参与以下行为的频率，以敦促地方、区域或国家级政府出台支持3R的政策。 1. 通过抗议、参与公开示威、静坐、罢工或集会等方式，倡导推行3R理念（CCB_gov1） 2. 签署地方、国家或国际层面的请愿书，倡导推行3R理念（CCB_gov2） 3. 通过写信、发送邮件或致电政府官员（地方、国家或欧盟层级），倡导推行3R理念（CCB_gov3） 4. 在地方、国家或欧盟选举中，因某位候选人或政党支持3R理念而将票投予其（CCB_gov4） 5. 参与公共集会或听证会等政治活动，倡导推行3R理念（CCB_gov5） 作答采用6级量表，选项依次为（1）从不、（2）极少、（3）偶尔、（4）有时、（5）经常、（6）频繁。 #### 3. 敦促企业践行3R类行为 请您选择自身参与以下行为的频率，以敦促企业减少资源使用、推行3R，例如在组织流程中减少资源消耗，或开发资源消耗更低、易于维修与回收的产品。 1. 采取行动敦促所在企业践行3R理念（CCB_busi1） 2. 投资企业以推动其决策向3R方向倾斜，并扶持践行3R理念的企业与项目（CCB_busi2） 3. 抵制未能践行资源减量化、再利用或资源化的企业（CCB_busi3） 作答采用6级量表，选项依次为（1）从不、（2）极少、（3）偶尔、（4）有时、（5）经常、（6）频繁。 #### 4. 向身边人群宣传类行为 请您选择自身参与以下行为的频率，以激励身边人群（如朋友、家人或同事）践行3R，例如控制购买新品的数量、购买二手商品、修复破损物品或将旧物交由回收机构处理等。 1. 以身作则践行3R理念（CCB_ind1） 2. 向他人分享践行3R的重要性及相关操作方法（CCB_ind2） 3. 向他人传授践行3R的具体方法（CCB_ind3） 4. 激励他人践行3R理念（CCB_ind4） 5. 要求他人践行3R理念（CCB_ind5） 6. 当他人践行3R理念时予以称赞（CCB_ind6） 7. 指出他人浪费资源或未践行3R的行为（CCB_ind7） 8. 询问他人如何减少资源使用、复用及回收哪些产品（CCB_ind8） 9. 通过社交媒体发帖或分享链接等线上方式，向他人宣传并激励其践行3R理念（CCB_ind9） 作答采用6级量表，选项依次为（1）从不、（2）极少、（3）偶尔、（4）有时、（5）经常、（6）频繁。 ### （五）自我效能感量表 以下陈述旨在了解您在敦促他人（如地方、区域或国家级政府、企业，或朋友、家人、同事）践行3R以减少资源使用、复用现有产品及回收资源方面的信心程度。请选择您对以下条目同意的程度。 1. 我确信若自身愿意，便可采取行动敦促他人践行3R理念（SE1） 2. 我有能力采取行动敦促他人践行3R理念（SE2） 3. 是否采取行动敦促他人践行3R理念，完全由我自主决定（SE3） 作答采用7级李克特量表，评分范围为（1）完全不同意至（7）完全同意。 ### （六）结果效能感量表 1. 通过采取行动敦促他人践行3R理念，我可以缓解环境与社会问题（OE1） 2. 我认为通过敦促他人践行3R理念以缓解环境与社会问题是具有实际意义的（OE2） 3. 我认为通过采取行动敦促他人践行3R理念，我可为缓解环境与社会问题做出贡献（OE3） 作答采用7级李克特量表，评分范围为（1）完全不同意至（7）完全同意。 ### （七）个人规范量表 请选择您对以下条目同意的程度。 1. 我认为自身有责任采取行动敦促他人践行3R理念（PN1） 2. 我在道德上有义务采取行动敦促他人践行3R理念（PN2） 3. 我会遵循自身行事原则，采取行动敦促他人践行3R理念（PN3） 4. 敦促他人践行3R理念是我的道德理想（PN4） 5. 若未采取行动敦促他人践行3R理念，我将违背自身的行事原则（PN5） 作答采用7级李克特量表，评分范围为（1）完全不同意至（7）完全同意。