Gravestone of Fyodor Dostoyevsky

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky (11 November 1821 – 9 February 1881), sometimes transliterated Dostoevsky, was a Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist, journalist and philosopher. Dostoyevsky's literary works explore human psychology in the troubled political, social, and spiritual atmosphere of 19th-century Russia, and engage with a variety of philosophical and religious themes. He began writing in his 20s, and his first novel, Poor Folk, was published in 1846 when he was 25. His major works include Crime and Punishment (1866), The Idiot (1869), Demons (1872) and The Brothers Karamazov (1880). Dostoyevsky's oeuvre consists of 11 novels, three novellas, 17 short stories and numerous other works. Many literary critics rate him as one of the greatest psychologists in world literature. His 1864 novella Notes from Underground is considered to be one of the first works of existentialist literature. Born in Moscow in 1821, Dostoyevsky was introduced to literature at an early age through fairy tales and legends, and through books by Russian and foreign authors. His mother died in 1837 when he was 15, and around the same time he left school to enter the Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute. After graduating, he worked as an engineer and briefly enjoyed a lavish lifestyle, translating books to earn extra money. In the mid-1840s he wrote his first novel, Poor Folk, which gained him entry into St. Petersburg's literary circles. Arrested in 1849 for belonging to a literary group that discussed banned books critical of Tsarist Russia, he was sentenced to death but the sentence was commuted at the last moment. He spent four years in a Siberian prison camp, followed by six years of compulsory military service in exile. In the following years, Dostoyevsky worked as a journalist, publishing and editing several magazines of his own and later A Writer's Diary, a collection of his writings. He began to travel around western Europe and developed a gambling addiction, which led to financial hardship. For a time, he had to beg for money, but he eventually became one of the most widely read and highly regarded Russian writers. His books have been translated into more than 170 languages. Dostoyevsky was influenced by an incredible variety of philosophers and authors including Pushkin, Gogol, Shakespeare, Dickens, Balzac, Lermontov, Hugo, Poe, Plato, Cervantes, Herzen, Kant, Belinsky, Hegel, Schiller, Solovyov, Bakunin, Sand, Hoffmann, and Mickiewicz. His writings were widely read both within and beyond his native Russia and influenced an equally great number of later writers including Russians like Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Anton Chekhov as well as philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche and Jean-Paul Sartre. The State Museum of City Sculptures was founded in 1932 dedicated to the study, restoration and protection of city sculptures and gravestones and the museum is responsible for the upkeep of many of St Petersburg's most famous sculptures. The museum has several branches around St Petersburg, but the main ones are concentrated within the former territory of the Aleksandro-Nevsky Lavra which was granted to the museum upon its founding. The Aleksandro-Nevsky Lavra's Tikhvinskoe Cemetery was established in 1823 and named after the Our Lady of Tikhvin Church which was built here between 1869 and 1873. In 1931 the church was closed and in 1932 the cemetery became a branch of the State Museum of City Sculptures, known as the Necropolis of Masters of Culture. The branch is so named as many leading figures of Russian culture have been laid to rest here including: writers Fyodor Dostoevsky, Nikolai Karamzin and Ivan Krylov; composers Aleksandr Borodin, Mikhail Glinka, Modest Musorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and Pyotr Tchaikovsky; and artists Boris Kustodiev, Ivan Kramskoy and Ivan Shishkin, among many more famous names.费奥多尔·米哈伊洛维奇·陀思妥耶夫斯基（Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky，有时亦可音译为陀思妥耶夫斯基），是俄国小说家、短篇小说家、散文家、新闻工作者与哲学家。其文学作品立足19世纪俄国动荡的政治、社会与精神语境，深入探索人类心理，并涉猎诸多哲学与宗教主题。 他二十余岁便开始创作，首部小说《穷人》（Poor Folk）于1846年问世，时年25岁。其代表作包括《罪与罚》（Crime and Punishment，1866）、《白痴》（The Idiot，1869）、《群魔》（Demons，1872）与《卡拉马佐夫兄弟》（The Brothers Karamazov，1880）。陀思妥耶夫斯基的全部创作包含11部长篇小说、3部中篇小说、17部短篇小说及诸多其他作品。诸多文学评论家将其视为世界文学史上最伟大的心理小说家之一。其1864年发表的中篇小说《地下室手记》（Notes from Underground）被认为是存在主义文学的开山之作之一。 陀思妥耶夫斯基于1821年生于莫斯科，早年便通过童话、传说以及俄苏与外国作家的作品接触文学。1837年，他15岁时母亲离世，同年左右他离校考入尼古拉耶夫军事工程学院（Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute）。毕业后，他担任工程师一职，曾短暂过上奢华生活，并靠翻译书籍补贴收入。19世纪40年代中期，他完成首部小说《穷人》，借此跻身圣彼得堡文学圈。 1849年，他因参与讨论批判沙皇俄国的禁书文学团体被捕，被判死刑却在临刑前一刻获得改判。他在西伯利亚苦役营度过四年，随后又在流放地接受了六年强制兵役。 此后数年，陀思妥耶夫斯基以新闻为业，创办并主编过数份刊物，其后又推出文集《作家日记》（A Writer's Diary）。他开始游历西欧，并染上赌瘾，由此陷入经济困境，一度不得不乞讨度日，但最终他成为俄国读者最广、声望最高的作家之一。其作品已被译入170余种语言。 陀思妥耶夫斯基的创作受到诸多哲学家与作家的影响，包括普希金、果戈理、莎士比亚、狄更斯、巴尔扎克、莱蒙托夫、雨果、爱伦·坡、柏拉图、塞万提斯、赫尔岑、康德、别林斯基、黑格尔、席勒、索洛维约夫、巴枯宁、乔治·桑、霍夫曼与密茨凯维奇。他的作品在俄国国内外广受传阅，并影响了后世一众作家与哲学家，其中包括俄国的亚历山大·索尔仁尼琴、安东·契诃夫，以及哲学家弗里德里希·尼采与让-保罗·萨特。 城市雕塑国家博物馆（State Museum of City Sculptures）于1932年成立，旨在研究、修复与保护城市雕塑及墓碑，并负责维护圣彼得堡诸多知名雕塑作品。该博物馆在圣彼得堡各处设有多家分馆，其核心分馆集中于亚历山大·涅夫斯基修道院（Aleksandro-Nevsky Lavra）旧址——该修道院在博物馆成立时便划归其名下。 亚历山大·涅夫斯基修道院的季赫温公墓始建于1823年，得名于1869年至1873年间在此修建的季赫温圣母教堂。1931年，该教堂被关闭；1932年，这片公墓成为城市雕塑国家博物馆的分馆，名为“文化大师墓园”（Necropolis of Masters of Culture）。该分馆之所以得名，是因为诸多俄国文化巨匠长眠于此，其中包括：作家费奥多尔·陀思妥耶夫斯基、尼古拉·卡拉姆津与伊万·克雷洛夫；作曲家亚历山大·鲍罗丁、米哈伊尔·格林卡、莫杰斯特·穆索尔斯基、尼古拉·里姆斯基-科萨科夫与彼得·柴可夫斯基；以及艺术家鲍里斯·库斯托季耶夫、伊万·克拉姆斯柯依与伊万·希施金等众多知名人士。