Effects of chalcones and flavones on BMP signaling.

(SJ) St Jude Children's Research Hospital; (DR) dose response; WB: Immunoblotting detecting activation of BMP signaling, phosphorylation of Smad1, 5, and expression of Id1 and Id2 in a dose-dependent manner; (+): significantly different from DMSO; (­): no significant difference from DMSO control (as calculated with student's t-test). Fold induction was calculated using Image J software. Phenotype of wild type zebrafish embryos was analyzed after treatment with compounds from 2 hpf until 30 hpf.