Biases due to widespread use of low-cost sensors for urban heat stress assessments

Project Title: Biases due to widespread use of low-cost sensors for urban heat stress assessments
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Contact: Sarah Berk, [e-mail]
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Description: This dataset accompanies the manuscript “Biases due to widespread use of low-cost sensors for urban heat stress assessments”.<br><br>
It contains measurements from low-cost air temperature and humidity sensors deployed in different experimental setups to quantify biases due to siting and shielding practices.
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The dataset includes eight calibration experiments (a–h) described below, along with derived variables (heat index, humidex) and reanalysis data used (ERA5).
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a: Urban lawn deployment. Sensors placed on urban lawn within radiation shields<br>
b: Rooftop deployment. Sensors placed on urban rooftop within radiation shields<br>
c: Shielded vs unshielded. Sensors placed on urban lawn within and without radiation shields, alternating. Sensors with radiation shields are denoted with the c_Shield_on field (True/ False)<br>
d: Near HVAC outlet. Sensors placed near a HVAC outlet on the urban rooftop within radiation shields.<br>
e: Controlled Environment.<br>
f: Shield Setup Test. Sensors placed in two different formats within radiation shields. Either secured via mounting based at the bottom of the shield, or suspended hanging from wire within the shield. Sensors on mounting based are denoted with the f_Mounting_base_secured field (True/ False). <br>
g: Plant Growth Chamber. Sensors placed in chamber with temperature sequentially set to 30, 25, and 20 °C for 6 h each, while relative humidity was stepped from 90 to 65 to 40 % for 2 h per step (18 h total).<br>
h: Horace Williams airport. Sensors placed on airport near research grade reference station.
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Data Fields: <br>
Calibration_Label: Label for the calibration (a-f)<br>
Calibration_Desc: Description of setup<br>
Sensor_ID: Unique sensor identifier<br>
Date_Time: Date and time of measurement (EDT)<br>
Air_Temperature: Measured air temperature (°C)<br>
Relative_Humidity: Measuredrelative humidity (%)<br>
Heat_Index: Heat index (°C), calculated from air temperature and relative humidity <br>
Humidex: Humidex, calculated from air temperature and relative humidity <br>
ERA5_shortwave_solar_radiation_downwards: shortwave solar radiation downwards (W/m²), taken from ERA5 reanalysis (DOI: 10.24381/cds.e2161bac)<br>
c_Shield_On: Only used for calibration c, True for sensors with shields on, False for those with no shield<br>
f_Mounting_base_secured: Only used for calibration f, True for sensors secured on mounting base, False for sensors suspended within shields. <br>
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File Information:<br>
File format: CSV<br>
Time resolution: 10 minutes
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Usage Notes<br>
Calibration labels (a–h) should always be interpreted alongside the setup descriptions above.<br>
Derived fields (Heat Index, Humidex) are based on standard formulas; see manuscript for details.<br>
ERA5 radiation is matched by nearest grid cell (the same for both urban lawn and rooftop locations).
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Citation<br>
If you use this dataset, please cite:<br>
Berk, S. et al (2025). Biases due to widespread use of low-cost sensors for urban heat stress assessments doi:10.15139/S3/LMALFL [Dataset]

项目名称：城市热应力评估中大规模使用低成本传感器所引入的偏差

联系人：萨拉·伯克（Sarah Berk），电子邮箱：[e-mail]

数据集说明：本数据集配套于同名论文"城市热应力评估中大规模使用低成本传感器所引入的偏差"。
数据集包含在不同实验配置下部署的低成本空气温度与湿度传感器的实测数据，用于量化站点选址与遮蔽操作所带来的测量偏差。

数据集包含如下所述的8组校准实验（a至h），同时附带衍生变量（热指数、温湿指数）以及所用的再分析数据（ERA5）。

a：城市草坪部署实验。将传感器置于辐射遮蔽罩内，部署于城市草坪区域。
b：屋顶部署实验。将传感器置于辐射遮蔽罩内，部署于城市屋顶区域。
c：遮蔽与非遮蔽对比实验。将传感器交替部署于城市草坪的辐射遮蔽罩内与外，是否安装辐射遮蔽罩通过c_Shield_On字段标识（取值为True/False）。
d：HVAC（采暖、通风与空气调节系统）出风口附近部署实验。将传感器置于辐射遮蔽罩内，部署于城市屋顶的HVAC出风口附近。
e：受控环境实验。
f：遮蔽装置配置测试实验。将传感器以两种不同方式部署于辐射遮蔽罩内：一种是通过遮蔽罩底部的安装基座固定，另一种是通过金属丝悬挂于遮蔽罩内部。是否采用安装基座固定的传感器通过f_Mounting_base_secured字段标识（取值为True/False）。
g：植物生长箱实验。将传感器放置于生长箱内，箱内温度依次设为30℃、25℃、20℃，每个温度持续6小时；相对湿度依次调整为90%、65%、40%，每个湿度状态持续2小时，总实验时长18小时。
h：霍勒斯·威廉姆斯机场（Horace Williams Airport）部署实验。将传感器部署于机场内靠近科研级参考站的区域。

数据字段说明：
校准标签（Calibration_Label）：用于标识校准实验组别（a至h）
校准配置描述（Calibration_Desc）：实验部署配置的详细说明
传感器ID（Sensor_ID）：传感器唯一标识符
测量日期与时间（Date_Time）：实测的日期与时间，采用美国东部夏令时（EDT）
空气温度（Air_Temperature）：实测空气温度，单位为摄氏度（℃）
相对湿度（Relative_Humidity）：实测相对湿度，单位为百分比（%）
热指数（Heat_Index）：由空气温度与相对湿度计算得到的热指数，单位为℃
温湿指数（Humidex）：由空气温度与相对湿度计算得到的温湿指数
ERA5下行短波太阳辐射（ERA5_shortwave_solar_radiation_downwards）：取自ERA5再分析数据的下行短波太阳辐射，单位为W/m²，数据DOI：10.24381/cds.e2161bac
遮蔽状态标识（c_Shield_On）：仅用于校准实验c，值为True表示传感器安装了遮蔽罩，False表示未安装遮蔽罩
安装基座固定状态标识（f_Mounting_base_secured）：仅用于校准实验f，值为True表示传感器通过安装基座固定，False表示传感器在遮蔽罩内悬挂部署

文件信息：
文件格式：CSV格式
时间分辨率：10分钟

使用说明：
校准组别标签（a至h）需结合上述实验配置描述进行解读。
衍生字段（热指数、温湿指数）基于标准计算公式，详细信息请参阅配套论文。
ERA5辐射数据通过最近网格点匹配获取，城市草坪与屋顶部署区域采用同一套匹配规则。

引用要求：
若使用本数据集，请引用如下文献：伯克（Berk），S. 等（2025）. 城市热应力评估中大规模使用低成本传感器所引入的偏差. DOI:10.15139/S3/LMALFL [数据集]