Socioeconomic Status Differences in Children’s Affective Decision-Making.xlsx

This data set belongs to:<br>Delgado, H., Aldecosea, C., Menéndez, Ñ., Rodríguez, R., Nin, V., Lipina, S., &amp; Carboni, A. (2021). Is Future-Oriented Decision-Making Adaptive in Low Socioeconomic Status Children? Evidence From the Children’s Gambling Task. Developmental Psychology (in revision)<b></b> <br><br>Abstract<br>Traditional perspectives on self-regulation have emphasized the importance of future-oriented decision-making in the expression of adaptive behaviors. In the present study, we examined whether decision-making varies as a function of socioeconomic status (SES) using the Children’s Gambling Task (CGT). We administered the CGT to 227 children (49% female, 48% low SES) between the ages of 5 and 7 years. After completing the CGT, children were given an awareness test to assess their knowledge of the reward/loss contingencies. Data analysis was conducted through multilevel modeling. Fluid intelligence, as measured by the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, was included as a covariate in the analysis. Results indicated that low-SES children performed lower in the CGT than their middle/high-SES peers. Children from middle/high-SES backgrounds made more advantageous choices than the low-SES children in the last blocks of the task. No differences were found in the level of explicit understanding of the task reached by the two SES groups. Further analysis indicated that, while middle/high-SES children with higher knowledge of the game performed better on the last blocks of the task in comparison with their same-SES peers with no understanding, low-SES children with higher explicit knowledge did not exhibit an improvement in their decision-making strategy in comparison with their same-SES low-awareness counterparts. Fluid intelligence did not predict CGT performance, suggesting that SES differences were not mediated by reasoning capabilities. The finding that children from low-SES families continued exhibiting an immediate reward-oriented strategy despite being aware of deck contingencies fits with (although speculatively) the evolutionary-developmental framework. <br><br>For more information, please contact the authors at [e-mail]<br><br><br>

本数据集隶属于：Delgado, H.、Aldecosea, C.、Menéndez, Ñ.、Rodríguez, R.、Nin, V.、Lipina, S. 与 Carboni, A.（2021）。《面向未来的决策在低社会经济地位儿童身上是否具有适应性？来自儿童赌博任务（Children’s Gambling Task, CGT）的证据》，刊载于《发展心理学》（Developmental Psychology，审稿中）

摘要
传统的自我调节研究视角强调，面向未来的决策在适应性行为的表现中具有关键意义。本研究借助儿童赌博任务（Children’s Gambling Task, CGT），探讨决策行为是否会随社会经济地位（socioeconomic status, SES）的差异而发生变化。研究招募了227名5至7岁的儿童参与实验，其中女性占比49%，低社会经济地位儿童占比48%。完成儿童赌博任务后，所有儿童需接受意识测试，以评估其对奖励与惩罚概率规则的掌握情况。数据分析采用多层模型（multilevel modeling）方法，并将通过非言语智力测验（Test of Nonverbal Intelligence）测得的流体智力（fluid intelligence）作为协变量纳入分析。

结果显示，低社会经济地位儿童在儿童赌博任务中的表现劣于中高社会经济地位同伴。在任务的最后区块中，中高社会经济地位背景的儿童做出了更具优势的选择。两类社会经济地位群体在任务的外显理解水平上未发现显著差异。进一步分析表明：当中高社会经济地位儿童掌握更多游戏规则知识时，相较于同群体中未理解规则的同伴，其在任务最后区块的表现更为优异；但对于低社会经济地位儿童，即便外显知识水平更高，其决策策略也并未比同群体中意识水平较低的同伴有所提升。流体智力并未显著预测儿童赌博任务的表现，这表明社会经济地位的差异并非由推理能力所介导。尽管尚属推测，但低社会经济地位儿童即便知晓牌组规则，仍倾向于采用即时奖励导向的决策策略，这一发现契合进化发展框架的相关理论。

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