Supplementary Material for: Views of aging and subjective cognition in middle-aged and older adults: A systematic review

Introduction: Views of aging have been linked with many important outcomes in older adults. Subjective cognition, or one’s perception of their cognitive functioning, may be a valuable indicator of cognitive changes as individuals age, but is known to be impacted by a variety of factors. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the evidence on relationships between views of aging and subjective cognition, including whether and how these relationships may differ based on age.
Methods: Guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria, we conducted a comprehensive literature search in four databases: PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. Critical appraisal utilized the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklists. Twenty sources (including 21 studies) met inclusion and exclusion criteria, from which data were systematically extracted and results narratively synthesized.
Results: Seventeen out of the 21 identified studies (81%) found a relationship between more positive views of aging and better subjective cognition; however, some studies reported mixed results based on the domain of aging views. Domains that were consistently associated with subjective cognition were subjective age, attitudes toward one’s own aging, aging well, and essentialist beliefs about aging. Only three studies reported age group differences or changes in associations over time, precluding conclusions about differences across middle- and older ages.
Conclusion: Most studies supported associations between views of aging and subjective cognition. More longitudinal as well as qualitative research is needed to advance understanding of factors that influence these relationships.

引言：衰老观念与老年群体的诸多重要结局存在关联。主观认知（subjective cognition），即个体对自身认知功能的感知，或可作为个体衰老进程中认知变化的有效评估指标，但其易受多种因素影响已成为学界共识。本系统综述旨在整合现有关于衰老观念与主观认知之间关联的研究证据，包括该关联是否以及如何因年龄而异。
方法：本研究遵循系统综述与元分析优先报告条目（Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, PRISMA）规范，在PubMed、CINAHL、PsycINFO及ProQuest学位论文全文库四个数据库中开展了全面的文献检索。文献质量评价采用批判性评价技能项目（Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, CASP）清单。最终共有20项文献来源（包含21项独立研究）符合纳入与排除标准，本研究对其中的数据进行了系统提取，并对研究结果开展了叙述性整合。
结果：在纳入分析的21项研究中，17项（占比81%）证实，更积极的衰老观念与更优的主观认知水平存在显著关联；不过部分研究的结果因衰老观念的维度不同而呈现异质性。与主观认知始终存在稳定关联的衰老观念维度包括主观年龄、个体对自身衰老的态度、健康衰老（aging well）以及衰老本质主义信念。仅有3项研究探讨了年龄组间的关联差异或关联随时间的变化情况，因此无法得出中年与老年群体间关联存在差异的结论。
结论：多数研究证实了衰老观念与主观认知之间存在关联。未来仍需开展更多纵向研究与质性研究，以深化对影响二者关联的各类因素的认知。