Yorkshire Water Drinking Water Quality 2023

Data History Data Origin These samples were taken from customer taps. They were then analysed for water quality, and the results were uploaded to a database. This dataset is an extract from this database. Data Triage Considerations Granularity We decided to share as individual results as the lowest level of granularity. Anonymisation It is a requirement that this data cannot be used to identify a singular person or household. We discussed many options for aggregating the data to a specific geography to ensure this requirement is met. The following geographical aggregations were discussed: Water Supply Zone (WSZ) - Limits interoperability with other datasets. Postcode – Some postcodes contain very few households and may not offer necessary anonymisation. Postal Sector – Deemed not granular enough in highly populated areas. Rounded Co-ordinates – Not a recognised standard and may cause overlapping areas. MSOA – Deemed not granular enough. LSOA – Agreed as a recognised standard appropriate for England and Wales. Data Zones – Agreed as a recognised standard appropriate for Scotland. Preferred: Geospatial to LSOA. Why is Geospatial to LSOA preferred? It is more accurate since the postcode mapping is best fitted by plotting the location of the postcode's mean address rather than sample point’s specific location. Data Specifications Each dataset will cover a calendar year of samples: This dataset will be published monthly. Historical datasets will be published as far back as 2022 following the introduction of the Water Supply Regulations. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/614/contents/made The Determinands included in the dataset are as per the list that is required to be reported to the Drinking Water Inspectorate. Context Many UK water companies provide a search tool on their websites where you can search for water quality in your area by postcode. The results of the search may identify the water supply zone that supplies the postcode searched. Water supply zones are not linked to LSOAs which means the results may differ to this dataset. Some sample results are influenced by internal plumbing and may not be representative of drinking water quality in the wider area. In this case these test results are omitted from the dataset. Some samples are tested on site and others are sent to scientific laboratories. Data Publish Frequency Monthly. Data Triage Review Frequency Annually unless otherwise requested Supplementary information Below is a curated selection of links for additional reading, which provide a deeper understanding of this dataset. Drinking Water Inspectorate Standards and Regulations: https://www.dwi.gov.uk/drinking-water-standards-and-regulations/ LSOA (England and Wales) and Data Zone (Scotland): https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files/geography/2011-census/geography-bckground-info-comparison-of-thresholds.pdf Description for LSOA boundaries by the ONS: Census 2021 geographies - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk) Postcode to LSOA lookup tables: Postcode to 2021 Census Output Area to Lower Layer Super Output Area to Middle Layer Super Output Area to Local Authority District (August 2023) Lookup in the UK (statistics.gov.uk) Legislation history: Legislation - Drinking Water Inspectorate (dwi.gov.uk) Dataset Schema SAMPLE_ID: Identity of the sample SAMPLE_DATE: The date the sample was taken DETERMINAND: The determinand being measured DWI_CODE: The corresponding DWI code for the determinand UNITS: The expression of results OPERATOR: The measurement operator for limit of detection RESULT: The test results LSOA or DATA ZONE: Lower Super Output Area or Data Zone (population weighted centroids used by the ONS (Office for National Statistics) for geo-anonymisation)数据历史与数据来源 本数据集的样本均取自用户家庭供水龙头，随后针对水质开展检测分析，检测结果上传至数据库。本数据集即为该数据库的提取子集。 数据筛选考量 ### 粒度设置 我们决定以单条检测结果作为最低粒度级别进行发布。 ### 匿名化要求 本数据严禁用于识别单个自然人或家庭，此为强制性要求。我们研讨了多种将数据聚合至特定地理区域的方案，以满足该匿名化要求。曾讨论的地理聚合方案包括： 1. 供水区域（Water Supply Zone, WSZ）：会限制与其他数据集的互操作性。 2. 邮政编码：部分邮政编码覆盖的住户极少，无法提供足够的匿名性保障。 3. 邮政分区：在人口稠密区域被认为粒度不足。 4. 四舍五入坐标：不属于公认标准，可能导致区域重叠。 5. 中层超级输出区域（Middle Layer Super Output Area, MSOA）：被认为粒度不足。 6. 下层超级输出区域（Lower Layer Super Output Area, LSOA）：经商定，其为适用于英格兰与威尔士的公认标准地理单元。 7. 数据区域（Data Zone）：经商定，其为适用于苏格兰的公认标准地理单元。 首选聚合方案：地理单元聚合至LSOA层级。 为何优先选择该方案？该方案具备更高准确性，因邮政编码映射的最优匹配方式为绘制邮政编码对应平均地址的位置，而非样本点的具体坐标。 数据规格说明 每份数据集将覆盖一个完整自然年度的采样数据：本数据集将按月发布。依据《英国供水条例》的正式施行，最早可追溯至2022年的历史数据集亦将同步发布。相关立法链接：https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/614/contents/made 本数据集包含的检测指标均按照需向饮用水监察局（Drinking Water Inspectorate, DWI）上报的强制清单进行收录。 背景说明 当前英国多数水务公司在其官网提供邮政编码水质查询工具，用户可通过输入邮政编码查询所在区域的水质情况，此类搜索结果通常会返回覆盖该邮政编码的供水区域。但供水区域与LSOA并无对应关联，因此本数据集的结果可能与该类搜索结果存在差异。部分样本的检测结果受家庭内部管道系统影响，无法代表更大范围区域的公共饮用水水质，此类检测结果已从本数据集中剔除。本数据集的部分样本在采样现场完成检测，其余样本则送至专业科研实验室开展分析。 发布频率 按月发布。 数据筛选复查频率 每年一次，除非另有特殊要求。 补充信息 以下为精选拓展阅读链接，可帮助您更深入地理解本数据集： 1. 饮用水监察局标准与法规：https://www.dwi.gov.uk/drinking-water-standards-and-regulations/ 2. 英格兰与威尔士LSOA及苏格兰Data Zone地理说明：https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files/geography/2011-census/geography-bckground-info-comparison-of-thresholds.pdf 3. 英国国家统计局（ONS）关于LSOA边界的说明：2021年人口普查地理单元——英国国家统计局（ons.gov.uk） 4. 邮政编码映射表：英国2021年人口普查输出区域→下层超级输出区域→中层超级输出区域→地方政府区域（2023年8月）映射表（statistics.gov.uk） 5. 立法历史：立法信息——饮用水监察局（dwi.gov.uk） 数据集架构 - SAMPLE_ID：样本唯一标识符 - SAMPLE_DATE：样本采集日期 - DETERMINAND：被测检测指标 - DWI_CODE：该检测指标对应的饮用水监察局编码 - UNITS：结果计量单位 - OPERATOR：检测限相关测量的实施操作人员 - RESULT：检测结果 - LSOA或Data Zone：下层超级输出区域（LSOA）或数据区域（Data Zone，采用英国国家统计局（Office for National Statistics, ONS）用于地理匿名化的人口加权质心）