Supplementary Material for: Unrecorded Alcohol Consumption in Seven European Union Countries

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Unrecorded alcohol, that is, alcohol not reflected in official statistics of the country where it is consumed, contributes markedly to overall consumption of alcohol. However, empirical data on unrecorded alcohol consumption are scarce, especially in high-income countries. This study measures the contribution of unrecorded alcohol in 7 member states of the European Union. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Two categories of unrecorded consumption were assessed in general population surveys (reducing alcohol related harm Standardized European Alcohol Survey; <i>n</i> = 11,224): home-made alcohol and cross-border shopping. Country-specific logistic regressions were used to link respondent characteristics to odds of acquisition of unrecorded alcohol. Total <i>per capita</i> alcohol consumption was estimated under different assumptions of calculating unrecorded alcohol consumption. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Individuals with higher drinking levels were more likely to acquire unrecorded alcohol in all 7 countries. In some countries, male sex and more affluent social class were also positively linked to acquisition of unrecorded alcohol. There was a substantial contribution of unrecorded alcohol to overall consumption in 5 out of 7 member states (Croatia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Portugal), but not in Poland or Spain. In Greece, up to two-thirds of all alcohol consumed was estimated to be unrecorded.<b><i> Conclusion:</i></b> Unrecorded alcohol contributes to overall consumption even in high-income countries, and thus needs to be monitored. In monitoring, as many categories of unrecorded alcohol as possible should be clearly defined (e.g., surrogate alcohol) and included in future surveys.

**引言：** 未记录酒精（unrecorded alcohol），即未在消费行为发生国官方统计数据中体现的酒精饮品，对全球总酒精消费量有着显著贡献。然而，针对未记录酒精消费的实证研究数据十分匮乏，在高收入国家中这一问题尤为突出。本研究针对欧盟7个成员国的未记录酒精消费占比展开测算。

**方法：** 本研究依托普通人群调查（《降低酒精相关危害标准化欧洲酒精调查》（Standardized European Alcohol Survey）；*n* = 11224），对两类未记录酒精消费行为进行评估：自制酒精与跨境购酒。本研究采用国别特异性逻辑回归模型，将受访者个体特征与获取未记录酒精的发生概率进行关联分析。基于不同的未记录酒精消费测算假设，研究估算了各国的人均总酒精消费量。

**结果：** 在全部7个研究国家中，饮酒量更高的个体获取未记录酒精的概率显著更高。在部分国家中，男性身份与更高社会经济阶层也与未记录酒精的获取呈显著正相关。在7个欧盟成员国中的5个（克罗地亚、芬兰、希腊、匈牙利、葡萄牙），未记录酒精对总酒精消费量存在显著贡献，而波兰与西班牙则未出现这一情况。在希腊，估算的未记录酒精占总酒精消费量的比例最高可达三分之二。

**结论：** 即便在高收入国家，未记录酒精仍对总酒精消费量存在实质性贡献，因此亟需对其开展常态化监测。在监测工作中，应尽可能明确界定各类未记录酒精品类（例如替代酒精（surrogate alcohol）），并将相关维度纳入未来的调查研究中。