Data_Sheet_1_Biodiversity of network modules drives ecosystem functioning in biochar-amended paddy soil.docx

IntroductionSoil microbes are central in governing soil multifunctionality and driving ecological processes. Despite biochar application has been reported to enhance soil biodiversity, its impacts on soil multifunctionality and the relationships between soil taxonomic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning remain controversial in paddy soil.
MethodsHerein, we characterized the biodiversity information on soil communities, including bacteria, fungi, protists, and nematodes, and tested their effects on twelve ecosystem metrics (including functions related to enzyme activities, nutrient provisioning, and element cycling) in biochar-amended paddy soil.
ResultsThe biochar amendment augmented soil multifunctionality by 20.1 and 35.7% in the early stage, while the effects were diminished in the late stage. Moreover, the soil microbial diversity and core modules were significantly correlated with soil multifunctionality.
DiscussionOur analysis revealed that not just soil microbial diversity, but specifically the biodiversity within the identified microbial modules, had a more pronounced impact on ecosystem functions. These modules, comprising diverse microbial taxa, especially protists, played key roles in driving ecosystem functioning in biochar-amended paddy soils. This highlights the importance of understanding the structure and interactions within microbial communities to fully comprehend the impact of biochar on soil ecosystem functioning in the agricultural ecosystem.

引言
土壤微生物是调控土壤多功能性、驱动生态过程的核心类群。尽管已有研究证实生物炭施用可提升土壤生物多样性，但在水稻土中，其对土壤多功能性的影响，以及土壤分类学生物多样性与生态系统功能之间的关联，仍存在争议。

方法
本研究中，我们对包含细菌、真菌、原生生物与线虫的土壤群落的生物多样性信息进行了表征，并在施加生物炭的水稻土中，检验了这些类群对12项生态系统指标的影响——这些指标涵盖酶活性、养分供给与元素循环相关的生态系统功能。

结果
生物炭施用在试验早期使土壤多功能性分别提升了20.1%与35.7%，但该效应在试验后期有所减弱。此外，土壤微生物多样性与核心群落模块均与土壤多功能性显著相关。

讨论
本研究分析表明，对施加生物炭的水稻土生态系统功能而言，产生更显著影响的不仅是土壤微生物多样性，更是所鉴定出的微生物群落模块内部的生物多样性。这些由多样微生物类群（尤其是原生生物）构成的模块，在驱动生态系统功能中发挥了关键作用。该结果凸显了解析微生物群落结构与种间互作的重要性，唯有如此才能全面理解生物炭对农田生态系统土壤生态功能的影响。