San Francisco Bay Area Parking Space Inventory

The San Francisco Bay Area is one of the most progressive transportation regions in the deployment of high-capacity transit and the use of policies to encourage active transportation. Yet, there remains a dearth of knowledge on the abundance and location of parking infrastructure. The extent and location of parking supply, including on-street and off-street spaces, are estimated for the nine-county Bay Area by creating a federated database that joins land use, transportation, parcel, building, and parking code layers to estimate the number and characteristics of parking spaces at the census block scale. This bottom-up parking space inventory results in an estimated 15 million parking spaces in the region: 8.6 million on-street and 6.4 million off-street. Residential parking dominates the share of supply at 70%, followed by commercial at 9.4%. Space density is greatest in downtown San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose—largely attributed to high-rise structures. On-street parking is dominant in the North Bay, commanding 78% of total parking in Napa, 75% in Solano, 68% in Sonoma, and 67% in Marin County. Parking area constitutes 7.9% of the total incorporated area. Notably, when compared to other southwest cities (Phoenix Metropolitan Area and Los Angeles County), the Bay Area parking supply appears better utilized considering spaces per person, per car, and per job. The density and quantity of parking spaces in the Bay Area are critical insights toward developing targeted policies that encourage active mobility and support affordable housing.

旧金山湾区（San Francisco Bay Area）是全球在大运量交通（high-capacity transit）部署及慢行交通（active transportation）鼓励政策应用方面最具前瞻性的交通区域之一。然而目前学界对该区域停车基础设施（parking infrastructure）的存量与分布仍缺乏系统性认知。本研究通过构建联邦数据库（federated database），整合土地利用、交通、地块、建筑及停车法规等多源地理图层，对九县旧金山湾区的停车供给规模与分布进行了系统性估算，涵盖路边及路外两类泊位，最终以人口普查街区尺度（census block scale）为基准，估算得到区域内停车泊位的数量与特征数据。本次自下而上的停车泊位普查（bottom-up parking space inventory）结果显示，该区域总停车泊位约为1500万个，其中路边泊位860万个，路外泊位640万个。住宅类停车占总供给的70%，为占比最高的类别，其次为商业类停车，占比9.4%。停车泊位密度最高的区域集中于旧金山市中心、奥克兰及圣何塞，这一分布格局主要由区域内高密度高层建筑群所致。北湾地区则以路边停车为主，纳帕县（Napa）、索拉诺县（Solano）、索诺马县（Sonoma）及马林县（Marin）的路边停车占比分别达78%、75%、68%与67%。停车用地总面积占辖区建成区总面积的7.9%。值得注意的是，与美国西南部其他城市（菲尼克斯都会区（Phoenix Metropolitan Area）及洛杉矶县（Los Angeles County））相比，从人均泊位、每车泊位及每就业岗位泊位三个维度评估，旧金山湾区的停车供给利用率相对更高。旧金山湾区停车泊位的密度与总量，可为制定针对性政策以鼓励慢行出行、支持保障性住房建设提供关键决策支撑。