Examples for a joint display.

Women with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at a higher risk of pregnancy complications. Although traditional beliefs and practices influence diabetes management and breastfeeding, recommendations integrating Thai cultural beliefs in maternal care are lacking. The purpose of this study is to describe diabetes self-management in pregnancy and breastfeeding experiences in women with preexisting type 2 diabetes mellitus from Thailand. A convergent parallel mixed-methods study will be conducted. Data will be collected from 20 pregnant women with preexisting type 2 diabetes mellitus in Thailand who are either primigravida or multigravida, aged 20–44 years old, speak the Thai language, and provide consent. The National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Framework’s sociocultural and behavioral domains guides the research aims. Data will be collected two times. The first time is during pregnancy (T1); study participants will complete questionnaires and engage in an interview about diabetes self-management, breastfeeding confidence, and breastfeeding intention. The second time is at 4–6 weeks postpartum (T2); study participants will be interviewed about their breastfeeding experiences. We will review and extract maternal health outcomes including body mass index, gestational weight gain, and glycated hemoglobin for T1 as well as fasting plasma glucose for T2. Qualitative data will be analyzed using directed content analysis. Quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics. Data sources will be triangulated with relative convergence in the results. This proposed study is significant because the findings will be used as a preliminary guide to developing a culturally tailored approach to enhance health outcomes of Thai women with diabetes in pregnancy and postpartum periods.

罹患2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus）的女性，发生妊娠并发症的风险显著更高。尽管传统信仰与照护实践会对糖尿病管理及母乳喂养行为产生影响，但目前仍缺乏结合泰国本土孕产妇照护文化信仰的相关指导建议。本研究旨在描述泰国既往罹患2型糖尿病女性的妊娠期糖尿病自我管理行为与母乳喂养相关经历。本研究将采用聚合平行混合方法学研究设计。研究纳入20名泰国既往罹患2型糖尿病的孕妇作为研究对象，纳入标准包括：初产妇或经产妇，年龄20~44岁，可熟练使用泰语沟通，且签署知情同意书。本研究的研究目标以美国少数族裔健康与健康差异国家研究所（National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities）提出的社会文化与行为领域框架为指导。数据采集共分为两个阶段：第一阶段为妊娠期（T1），研究对象需完成相关问卷，并接受关于糖尿病自我管理、母乳喂养信心及母乳喂养意愿的访谈；第二阶段为产后4~6周（T2），研究对象将接受关于其母乳喂养经历的访谈。研究人员将回顾并提取孕产妇健康结局相关数据：T1阶段采集的数据包括体重指数（body mass index）、妊娠期体重增长及糖化血红蛋白（glycated hemoglobin），T2阶段采集空腹血浆葡萄糖（fasting plasma glucose）数据。定性数据将采用定向内容分析法（directed content analysis）进行分析，定量数据将采用描述性统计方法进行分析。将对多源数据进行三角验证，以确保研究结果具备相对一致性。本研究具有重要的学术与实践价值：研究结果将作为初步参考依据，用于开发适配泰国本土文化的干预方案，以改善妊娠及产后糖尿病女性的健康结局。