Supplementary information files for "Trunk function: the core of mobility performance in wheelchair tennis"

Supplementary files for article "Trunk function: the core of mobility performance in wheelchair tennis"<br><br>Classification in Paralympic sport aims to create a competitive and fair environment by reducing the impact of impairment on the ability to perform sport-specific activities. In wheelchair tennis (WT), current classification criteria largely rely on expert opinion rather than empirical evidence, particularly regarding trunk function. This study investigated the relationship between upper-body strength (arm, trunk) and wheelchair mobility performance in elite WT players to attain evidence? informed classification.Fifty-one WT players (men, women, and quad division) were assessed during standardized field tests and match play. Upper-body strength was measured using isometric arm and trunk-related force tests, while mobility performance was quantified using inertial sensors, capturing speed, acceleration, and rotational metrics. Associations between strength and mobility performance outcomes were assessed using Pearson/Spearman correlations. Differences between classification-based trunk function groups (0, 1, 2) were explored using T-tests and effect sizes.Correlations between strength and mobility performance were modest (r = 0.26–0.62). Push and pull forces showed the highest associations with sprint and rotational performance (push up to r = 0.54; 29 pull up to r = 0.62). Comparisons between trunk function groups revealed substantial differences, particularly in acceleration and rotation, with large effect sizes (ES = 1.18 - 2.43) between athletes with full versus minimal trunk control.Trunk function plays a critical role in WT mobility and is underrepresented in the current 33 classification system. Future classification systems should include functional measures that reflect the impact of impairment on sport-specific activities. Particular attention should be given to dynamic trunk movements during acceleration and rotation to ensure a more evidence-based and functionally relevant approach.<br><br>© Slikke, Rietveld, GOOSEY-TOLFREY and Berger, CC BY 4.0

论文《躯干功能：轮椅网球移动表现的核心》补充材料<br><br>残奥会体育分级旨在通过降低损伤对专项运动能力的影响，营造兼具竞技性与公平性的竞赛环境。在轮椅网球（Wheelchair Tennis, WT）领域，当前的分级标准在很大程度上依赖专家主观判断而非实证依据，在躯干功能相关的分级上尤为突出。本研究针对精英轮椅网球选手的上肢（臂部、躯干）力量与轮椅移动表现之间的关联展开探究，以期为分级体系提供实证支撑。本研究共纳入51名轮椅网球选手（涵盖男子组、女子组与四肢残障组），对其开展标准化场地测试与赛事竞技表现评估。上肢力量通过等长臂部与躯干相关力量测试进行采集，移动表现则通过惯性传感器捕捉速度、加速度与旋转指标来量化。研究采用皮尔逊（Pearson）/斯皮尔曼（Spearman）相关分析，评估力量与移动表现指标间的关联；并通过t检验与效应量，探究基于分级的躯干功能组别（0、1、2组）间的差异。研究结果显示，力量与移动表现间的相关性处于中等水平（相关系数r=0.26~0.62）。其中推拉力量与冲刺及旋转表现的相关性最高，推拉力最高可达r=0.54，拉拽力量最高可达r=0.62。躯干功能组别的对比分析揭示出显著差异，尤其在加速度与旋转维度上，躯干控制完全与最低限度的选手间效应量达1.18~2.43，属于大效应量范畴。躯干功能在轮椅网球移动表现中发挥关键作用，但当前的三级分级体系对其重视程度不足。未来的分级体系应纳入能够反映损伤对专项运动能力影响的功能性评估指标，尤其应关注加速与旋转过程中的躯干动态运动，以构建更具实证依据且贴合运动功能需求的分级方案。<br><br>© Slikke、Rietveld、GOOSEY-TOLFREY与Berger，CC BY 4.0许可协议