Material factors for buildings, roads and rail-based infrastructure in CONUS

Dynamics of societal material stocks such as buildings and infrastructures and their spatial patterns drive surging resource use and emissions. Building up and maintaining stocks requires large amounts of resources; currently stock-building materials amount to almost 60% of all materials used by humanity. Buildings, infrastructures and machinery shape social practices of production and consumption, thereby creating path dependencies for future resource use. They constitute the physical basis of the spatial organization of most socio-economic activities, for example as mobility networks, urbanization and settlement patterns and various other infrastructures. The data presented hereinafter constitute that basis for quantifying material stocks in a country that exhibits one of the highest material stocks in the world, the United States.

Data
This dataset includes the following material intensities:

material intensity in mass per volume of above-ground building (kg/m³) per building type

material intensity in mass per area of road (kg/m²) per road type

material intensity in mass per area of railway track (kg/m²) per railway type

material intensity in mass per area (kg/m²) per other infrastructure type

Material intensity factors are split into the following 15 material categories: metals (iron/steel, copper, aluminum, all other metals), non-metallic minerals (concrete, bricks, glass, aggregate except for concrete, all other minerals), biomass-based materials (timber, other biomass-based materials), petrochemical-based materials (bitumen, other petrochemical-based materials), insulation, and other materials. 

Material intensity factors are available for each of the following 19 aggregated stock type categories: 

Buildings: low-rise residential (RES-LR), mid-rise residential (RES-MR), low/mid-rise residential / commercial mixed use (RCMU), high-rise residential / commercial mixed use (RCMU-HR), residential / commercial mixed use skyscrapers (RCMU-SKY), commercial / industrial (C/I), and mobile homes and light-weight buildings (MLB)

Roads: motorway, primary roads, secondary roads, tertiary roads, local roads, rural roads

Rail-based infrastructure: railway, subway, tram

Other: airport runways, parking lots, other remaining impervious

Since construction standards for residential buildings and gravel roads vary between different climate zones across the conterminous United States, material intensities for low-rise residential buildings (RES-LR), local roads and tracks were further differentiated according to climate zones.

In addition, the following building volume conversion factors required for deriving material intensity factors for buildings are included in the dataset:

floor-to-floor height per building type

roof volume factors (m³/m² footprint) per building type

share of useable area (SUA) in gross floor area per building type

Building volume conversion factors are based on Haberl et al. (2021) and were used in the calculation of the above-ground volume for those case studies where either the floor-to-floor height or information regarding the roof volume were unavailable, or where only the UA, but not the GFA necessary for the calculation of the above-ground volume were specified.

Further information
The dataset complements a scientific article in preparation which will include further information and an in-depth dataset description. For further information, please see the publication below or contact Dominik Wiedenhofer ([e-mail]). 

D. Frantz, F. Schug, D. Wiedenhofer, A. Baumgart, D. Virág, S. Cooper, C. Gomez-Medina, F. Lehmann, T. Udelhoven, S. van der Linden, P. Hostert, H. Haberl. Weighing the US Economy: Map of Built Structures Unveils Patterns in Human-Dominated Landscapes. In prep

Check out this peer-reviewed article detailing the overall approach and novel method:

H. Haberl, D. Wiedenhofer, F. Schug, D. Frantz, D. Virág, C. Plutzar, K. Gruhler, J. Lederer, G. Schiller, T. Fishman, M. Lanau, A. Gattringer, T. Kemper, G. Liu, H. Tanikawa, S. van der Linden, P. Hostert, High-Resolution Maps of Material Stocks in Buildings and Infrastructures in Austria and Germany. Environ Sci Technol. 55, 3368–3379 (2021), doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c05642

Visit our website to learn more about our project MAT_STOCKS - Understanding the Role of Material Stock Patterns for the Transformation to a Sustainable Society.

Funding
This research was funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (MAT_STOCKS, grant agreement No 741950).

社会物质存量（societal material stocks）如建筑与基础设施及其空间格局的动态变化，推动了资源消耗与碳排放的激增。存量的建造与维护需要消耗大量资源；当前用于建造存量的材料几乎占人类总使用材料的60%。建筑、基础设施与机械塑造了生产与消费的社会实践模式，进而为未来的资源使用形成了路径依赖。它们构成了绝大多数社会经济活动空间组织的物理基础，例如交通网络、城市化与定居格局以及各类其他基础设施。下文呈现的数据集，正是为量化全球物质存量水平最高的国家之一——美国的物质存量提供基础支撑。

Data
本数据集包含以下几类物质强度（material intensity）：
· 按建筑类型划分的地上建筑单位体积物质强度（kg/m³）
· 按道路类型划分的道路单位面积物质强度（kg/m²）
· 按铁路类型划分的铁轨单位面积物质强度（kg/m²）
· 按其他基础设施类型划分的单位面积物质强度（kg/m²）

物质强度因子（material intensity factors）共分为以下15类材料类别：金属类（iron/steel, copper, aluminum, all other metals）、非金属矿物类（concrete, bricks, glass, aggregate except for concrete, all other minerals）、生物质基材料（timber, other biomass-based materials）、石化基材料（bitumen, other petrochemical-based materials）、隔热材料（insulation）以及其他材料（other materials）。

物质强度因子针对以下19类汇总存量类型均有提供：
· 建筑类：低层住宅（RES-LR）、中层住宅（RES-MR）、低/中层住宅/商业混合用途（RCMU）、高层住宅/商业混合用途（RCMU-HR）、住宅/商业混合用途摩天大楼（RCMU-SKY）、商业/工业建筑（C/I）以及移动住宅与轻型建筑（MLB）
· 道路类：高速公路（motorway）、主干道（primary roads）、次干道（secondary roads）、支路（tertiary roads）、地方道路（local roads）、乡村道路（rural roads）
· 轨道交通基础设施：铁路（railway）、地铁（subway）、有轨电车（tram）
· 其他类：机场跑道（airport runways）、停车场（parking lots）及其他剩余不透水设施（other remaining impervious）

鉴于美国本土不同气候区的住宅建筑与碎石道路建设标准存在差异，本数据集针对低层住宅（RES-LR）、地方道路与轨道的物质强度进一步按气候区进行了细分。

此外，本数据集还包含推导建筑物质强度因子所需的以下建筑体积转换系数：
· 按建筑类型划分的层高（floor-to-floor height）
· 按建筑类型划分的屋顶体积系数（m³/m²）
· 按建筑类型划分的使用面积（SUA, share of useable area）占总建筑面积（GFA, gross floor area）的比例

建筑体积转换系数基于Haberl等人（2021）的研究成果，用于在以下场景中计算地上体积：当无法获取层高或屋顶体积相关信息时，或仅提供了使用面积（SUA）但未提供计算地上体积所需的总建筑面积（GFA）时。

Further information
本数据集配套一篇待发表的学术论文，该论文将包含更多细节与数据集的详细描述。如需获取更多信息，请参阅下文所列出版物，或联系Dominik Wiedenhofer（[e-mail]）。

D. Frantz、F. Schug、D. Wiedenhofer、A. Baumgart、D. Virág、S. Cooper、C. Gomez-Medina、F. Lehmann、T. Udelhoven、S. van der Linden、P. Hostert、H. Haberl. 《量化美国经济：建筑结构图谱揭示人类主导景观的格局》（待发表）

可参阅以下经过同行评审的论文，了解该研究的整体方法与创新手段：

H. Haberl、D. Wiedenhofer、F. Schug、D. Frantz、D. Virág、C. Plutzar、K. Gruhler、J. Lederer、G. Schiller、T. Fishman、M. Lanau、A. Gattringer、T. Kemper、G. Liu、H. Tanikawa、S. van der Linden、P. Hostert. 《奥地利与德国建筑及基础设施物质存量高分辨率图谱》. Environ Sci Technol. 55, 3368–3379 (2021), doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c05642

可访问我们的官网，了解更多关于MAT_STOCKS项目的信息——该项目旨在探究物质存量格局在向可持续社会转型中的作用。

Funding
本研究由欧洲研究理事会（European Research Council, ERC）资助，隶属于欧盟地平线2020（Horizon 2020）研究与创新计划，项目编号为MAT_STOCKS，资助协议号：741950。